Studying the Influence of Competition on the Growth of Brutia Pine Pinus brutia Ten. Trees in Kafardabeel Stand – Jableh - Syria

This research aimed to investigate the competitive situation and the growth reduction as a result of competition for brutia pine trees grown in Kafardabeel stand – Jableh. In the year 2015, 15 circle plots (with area size of 400 m²) in the study area planted in 1974 were sampled; all variations in the site like tree density, aspect, slop, topography and site fertility were covered. In the sample plot diameter at breast height of all trees and also coordinates of central tree and coordinates of all compotators as well as were measured. In order to study the competitive situation, two different types of competition indices: position dependent (Heygi1, Heygi2, BAL) and position independent (CCF) indices were used.

Studying the Influence of Climatic Factors on Radial Increment of Brutia Pine pinus brutia.Ten Grown in Kfarfo Forest – Tartus - Syria

Dendrochronology methods are used to study the response of tree rings to environmental factors, where tree rings width are strongly influenced by environmental factors especially climatic ones. In order to study tree rings of brutia pine in Kfarfo forest – Tartus, 12 dominant trees were selected, using increment drill two perpendicular core samples at breast height from each tree were extracted. After treatment, the core samples were cross dated. Tree-rings widths were measured to the nearest 0.01 mm. Consequently, a series of 31 tree rings covering the period 1983-2013 was obtained. Results showed that, tree rings of the years: 1998-1999, 2007-2008 and 2009-2010 were clearly narrow; while rings of the years: 1985-1986, 1991-1992, and 2002-2003 were obviously wide. Whereas, rings of the years: 1986-1987, 1994-1995, 1996 and 1997 were absent. Finally, results reveal that, as precipitation decreased corresponding with temperature increase in the growing season; narrow rings were recorded. While, increasing winter precipitation corresponding with temperature decrease leaded to increase in ring width.

Detection of fungi on (seeds; seedlings root's and soils) of cypressand pinespecies (brutia; canary and stone) in forest nursery

In this study a total of /14/ fungal genera have been isolated from seeds; seedlings roots and soilsofCypress and Pine species (brutia; canary and stone) samples brought from Hinnade's nursery, and it were: Alternaria; Rhizoctoni; Fusarium; Chaetomium; Mucor; Phythophtora; Rhizopus; Aspergillus; Penicillium; Cladosporium; Saccharomyces; Sordaria; Pytiumand Trichoderma. The first 12 genera were isolated from seeds. Alternaria andFusarium appeared on alldifferent types of plants with the highest frequency of the first genus 23.3% and 36.6% of the second one on cypress. The first 5 genera were isolated from seedlings roots in addition to genus Pythium. And also the Genus Fusariumwas frequented on all study types with high frequencies reached to 58.5%onbrutia.The genusRhizoctoniawas not isolated from seeds and roots of Cypress while it was isolated from seeds and roots of all species of pine./7/ fungal genera were isolated from seedlings soils three of it (Alternaria,Aspergillus,Fusarium) were isolated from the soils of all species of plants with the highest percentages of the first 68.97% on cypress's soil and 22.22% of the second from stone pine and 35.13%of the genusFusarium from brutia. The highest frequency was for genus Fusarium 35.13% on brutia. The genusPythium was onlyisolated from the seeds and soils of brutia pine.

Modelling the Form Factor of Pinus brutia Ten. Trees Grown in Rabiaa Forests - Northern Lattakia

Estimation of tree and stand volume is a key calculation for productive forest management (de Miguel et al., 2012). A precise estimation of tree volume needs to take the variation in bole forms into account while calculation, this can be done by estimating tree form factor. This study aims to construct a mathematical model to calculate the form factor of brutia pine trees grown in the regions of Rabiaa in northern Latakia. The form factor model can help foresters to precisely estimate the volume of tree and forest stands. During the period 2008-2011, 72 pine trees of various ages and sizes, located in natural stands of different densities and site qualities, were felled. Diameters at different heights of the felled trees were measured; trees volumes and volumes of equivalent cylinders were calculated, and consequently the values of tree form factor were computed. The dataset was randomly split into two parts, 75% (55 trees) of the data for constructing form factor model and 25% (17 trees) for model validation. A form factor model was obtained using the non-linear regression equations in the statistical program SPSS. Value of the coefficient of determination adjusted (R²adj) was about 0.81. The model has been validated using several statistical methods, the relative bias ( e%) was ca. 17.9%, while the value of model accuracy ) % x m ) was 22.9 %. In order to obtain lower value of model relative bias and higher value of accuracy it’s recommended to use a larger database comprising all distribution areas of pine in Syria.

Studying of the Pinus brutia Ten forest birds in relation to vegetation characteristics in Alfronloq protected area- Latakia

Pinus brutia cover 67.87% of AlFronloq protected area, this forest provide habitat for wildlife especially forest birds. The aim of this study is to define bird species that use Pinus brutia forest and their relation to vegetation characteristics.We listed 63 bird species, 9 of them recorded for first time, 31.8% of species are resident in study area, where raptors presented 15.9%. The study showed positive correlation between species richness and plant richness (R=0.588, P= 0.007). Shrubs layer coverage and richness affected positively bird species richness and density. The study showed also decreasing of bird species richness with Altitude, while raptors richness were increased with Altitude.The dominat species were Coal tit Parus ater, wren Troglodytes troglodytes ,whereas species like Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs, chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita were the most abundant.

Studying the Effect of Stand Characteristics on Plant Species Diversity in the Median Part of Natural Pinus brutia Ten. (Brutia pine)Forests in Al-Bayer and Al-Bassit Regions-Syria

This study was conducted in many natural sites in Al-Bayer and Al-Bassitregions inLattakiawhere there isthe main natural distribution of Brutia pine in Syria. The aim of the study is to analyse the relationship between the maincharacteristics of forest stands (forest mensuration) associated with silviculturetreatments, and plant diversity in the herbaceous layer of the forest. 32 circular plotsof 400 m2were sampled. Forest characteristics, plant species number and abundance(using Braun-Planquetindices)were recordedin each plot. Many diversity indices (SpeciesRichness, Shannon, Jaccard) were calculated. Species richness in the herbaceous layer correlated positively with age and negatively with volume, basal area, and forest cover in the over story. The effect of forest characteristics was more important on the vegetation composition than on the species richnessor Shannon index averages in the samples. Age was the most important characteristic influencing the vegetation composition, hence, the similarity between different age stages (expressed in Jaccard index). It is suggested in this study that when studying forest silviculture and management plans and when conserving biodiversity, life formsand functions must be considered instead ofthe traditional index.

Growth and Productivity of Maritime Pine and Brutia Pine at the Cool-Humid Bioclimate Zone in the Mid Altitudes of the Syrian Coastal Mountains

This research was aimed at evaluation of growth and productivity of two pine species; namely, Maritime Pine Pinus pinaster Sol. and Brutia Pine P. brutia Ten. at the Cool-Humid Bioclimate Zone in the Mid Altitudes of the Coastal Mountain Ranges. The study revealed that, height growth was not significant between the two species. Although average diameter at breast height was significantly superior in Brutia pine to that of Maritime pine, this was not reflected on productivity of trees, wood volume, or the annual growth rate due to great differences in growth forms of the two species.