This research addresses analytica of the faults suffered by high reservoirs with concrete products field study of a number of reservoirs in the central area in Syria, and identifying its defects occurring therein, and proposing solutions to address them.
If it is not cracked then it is not working. This statement is the actual result of difference
between tension strength of concrete and tension strength of steel in concrete structures
elements that are economically designed.
In spite of that, eng
ineers rarely use this statement to explain cracks in buildings, but
sometimes they use it to calm down the owner of some cracked building. That's why we should
define acceptable cracks and their degrees.
Cracks in concrete and reinforced concrete structures are a bad sign, although some of
these cracks have no negative effect on the utilization of the structure.
Reasons of cracks are various and different, some of them might occur in different types
of cracking while others may lead to a single type of crack.
Cracks formation in concrete varies due to the different factors causing them, which also
may be structural or related to the utilization of building.
It is not easy to put a useful list for probable reasons of cracking as cracks have many
shapes and any one of them might increase the danger of another one or even exceeds it. To
explain the relationship between these types, we proposed the cracking tree, which may help
the designer to take into consideration the probable reasons for cracking.
The main specification of cracks is that its three nodes define the three periods in the life
of a structure: design, construction and service. These are also divided into lists including
reasons causing cracking and their effects on each other.
Cracking tree branches into tension roots, taking into consideration that the first branches
determine the physical properties of cracks (width, depth, length,…). Then these branches
take their way throughout the three phases,(restriction of movement is the most important
branch). When these branches stop growing, they can tell the severity of cracking, in respect
to durability and beauty. This definitely still needs accurate study and repair.
This research aims to study the direct reasons of cracking, factors that increase cracks,
and types of cracking growing in structural members (Columns, Beams, Plates,..). Add to that
the procedures needed to prevent or stop cracks growing. We also offer an attempt to point the
best methods and materials to be used for restoration.
The present work, aims to inspect by ultrasonic method numbers of imported steel
billets, which cause stopping and breaking in the production – lines.
The inspection was done by using ultrasonic detector,(echo – pulse method), a
straight – beam pr
obe was used as a transducer and receiver, at the same time.
The results of inspection showed the possibility of accurate defect determination in
steel billets, and also showed a good agreement between the experimental results and the
number of stopping and breaking in production in factory, and also the necessity to use that
inspection method in the imported billets which cause the continuous breaking in the
production – lines.
In this article, we propose a mathematical model, fundamentally based on evidence theory in
order to process and to combine the information elements coming from different sources of
information in a security system. These elements could be heteroge
neous (qualitative,
quantitative, ordinal, binary … etc.) and imperfect (imprecise, ambiguous, probable, missing
values … etc.). Along with the heterogeneity and the imperfection, we must consider the case
bases that contain security cases with solutions to help us to make decisions as supplementary
sources of information (this is called in machine learning field ''case-based reasoning'').
Furthermore, the proposed method must consider the conflict and the contradictory resulting
from the different sources of evidence. The afore-mentioned issues will be explained through an
illustrative numeric example to clarify the proposed model.
