The contamination of groundwater with nitrates is a common problem in many countries of
the world, especially the agricultural ones where the pollution originates in these countries
mainly from the use of excessive fertilization in agricultural are
as, industrial waste,
sewage, animal dung, and the "installation of air nitrogen by plants, the nitrogen
compounds that arise due to some industries and vehicle emissions which are deposited on
the ground in solids.
The nitrate compounds are carcinogens and hazardous to human health If they were in
high concentrations. The risk of this turning into nitrite nitrate uptake by the bacteria,
especially in the abdomen which in turn causes what is known as Balmithmoglubenemea
in infants and pregnant women (Infant disease blueness). It can also cause stomach cancer
in adults through its interaction with amines and amides in the abdomen, forming
carcinogens (Alntrozzomedat and Alentrzoaminat). Therefore, you must apply the
foundations of the integrated management of groundwater in the study area to maintain
low levels of nitrate in groundwater used for drinking and irrigation.
Determining the best location is a complex process that faces decision makers. In the City of Tartous, Syria, this problem springs while selecting the best location for wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) because of the large number of criteria and co
nstrains and the uncertainty in expert's judgments. To solve this problem, we designed a frame work containing multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) technique that is fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) to handle the uncertainty situations and geographical information system (GIS) to determine the best location.
In this paper, the FAHP idea was developed to calculate weights of the criterias, the GIS was used to overlay and generate criteria and suitability maps. The study ends with a map of the best sites for constructing wastewater treatment plants by extended aeration method in Tartous region in Syria.
The disposal of solid waste is one of the most important contemporary environmental issues. Increasing population and what has been associated with the change in the patterns and lifestyles and increased consumption led to increasing the amount of pr
oduced waste and its quality, especially in cities; the estimated amount of solid waste produced daily in the city of Latakia was 840 tons. Thus, there is an urgent need to follow the techniques in the management of solid waste in all stages to maintain human health and protect the environment from pollution.
This study as a whole aims to estimate the amount and characteristics of solid waste, the methods used to collect and analyze the spatial distribution of the current waste collection containers in areas of the city of Latakia, better planning commensurate with its population and the amount of waste produced using GIS technology. To accomplish this, we have a comprehensive field survey to collect the waste containers in the study area where they were monitoring their locations and identifying characteristics; we relied on statistical analytical approach in the recruitment of data that have been obtained, and used the map to the city of Latakia Tags. And, through the program (ARC GIS 9.3) the data has been entered and processed, linked and analyzed using analysis tools attached to the program, exit maps and various forms that serve the study.
The study concludes that the current number of containers is not enough when discharged per day, and that the spatial distribution is not commensurate with the amount of waste produced in areas of the city .
With the increasing population, the rising standards of living, industrial progress and
rapid technological advancement, solid waste has varied and increased in amount as a
result of various human activities. Thus, waste disposal has become one of
the main
problems facing cities and human populations because of the dangers posed by this waste
to the environment and natural resources and health. Therefore, the development of an
integrated management system for solid waste has become one of the most important
elements of urban development strategies.
Traditional management of municipal solid waste disposal, which includes
collection, transfer and backfilling or burning operations, has evolved the concept of
disposal of solid waste during the previous decades and begun waste management
programs that focus on the use of computer programs such as geographic information
systems, which help environmental planning for cities, and selection of the most optimal
and economical solutions and.
This study includes the use of geographic information systems software technology
in the planning and selection of the optimal paths to collect and relay solid waste
containers in the city of Latakia. In fact, selecting these routes undergoes the equations of
length and time as to choose the shortest path, taking into account traffic regulations and
diesctions in the streets. As for time, it takes the shortest path in terms of speeds specified
for each road.
As a result of the expansion of system of sewerage and rain water networks to serve all areas in Tartous city especially its industrial area, it was not associated with proper wastewater treatment including the separation of rainwater from sewage and
building wastewater treatment plants. With the increased number of factories in the industrial area , the population growth in the city of Tartous, the demand for industrial needs, the poor investment for networks, the clogged lines and insulting them by mixing municipal, industrial and rainwater sewage and large precipitation for Tartous city Basin, and the difficulty of discharging wastewater according with gravity to the treatment plant And the lack of possibility to drain rain water with large flows, the study of the current situation of municipal, industrial and rainwater sewage to develop solutions for it.
Groundwater is an important source of drinking water. Therefore; groundwater
contamination is a source of continuing concern. Groundwater contamination is unlike
surface water contamination, because it is difficult to define and harder to be contro
lled
and treated. It may also last for years or decades.
Deveh Spring area is an agricultural area in Lattakia. It suffers from many
environmental problems, so, it is very important to assess spring water vulnerability using
DRASTIC and create water vulnerability assessment map by GIS.
The map showed that the recharge water to Deveh Spring has a high and moderate
vulnerability to contamination. The area of high vulnerable groundwater zone is (82Km2),
which is about (48%) from the whole study area. The area of moderate vulnerable
groundwater zone is (40Km2), which is about (23%) from the whole study area. Sufficient
actions must be taken to protect water from contamination, through the integrated
management of groundwater resources.
Latakia is a Syrian city that generates approximately 800 tons per day of municipal solid
waste MSW, and the final disposal of MSW is in Al-Bassa open dump with no biogas
capturing or leachate collection systems. Thus, a life cycle assessment appro
ach LCA was
used to determine the optimal strategy of municipal solid waste management. to find the
most eco-friendly scenario, first, the composition study of MSW was conducted in Latakia.
The results of first step are to be utilized as a reliable data source in establishing a
complete picture of the environmental performances of municipal solid waste management
systems with a life cycle perspective. The functional unit of the study was selected as one
ton of MSW generated in Latakia. System boundaries included treatment and disposal of
MSW using different scenarios: the open dump of waste, sanitary landfilling with gas
recovery, and a material recovery facility MRF combined with a sanitary landfill and gas
recovery. Data on the process was gathered from a field study conducted in Latakia, and
from SimaPro 8.3.0 literature and libraries. The data was evaluated with IMPACT 2002+
methodology and the assessed environmental impact categories were climate change,
human health, ecosystem quality, and resources. According to the results, while open
dumping has been confirmed as the worst waste final disposal method, landfilling with gas
recovery and material recovery facility showed better performance and is considered as a
solution towards improved sustainability to overcome the existing waste management
problem.
