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Register a new userSyrian Arabic Code for designing and implementing reinforced concrete facilities
الكود العربي السوري لتصميم وتنفيذ المنشأت بالخرسانة المسلحة - النسخة الرابعة
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نقابة المهندسين كتاب
Publication date
2012
fields
Civil Engineering
and research's language is
العربية
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Shamra Editor
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الكود العربي السوري نظام يحكم تصميم و تنفيذ وتشغيل وصيانة المباني لتحقق الحد الأدنى المقبول من مقاييس السلامة و الصحة العامة صادر عن نقابة المهندسين في سوريا و يعتبر الكود العربي السوري لتصميم وتنفيذ المنشآت بالخرسانة المسلحة من أوائل الكودات الصادرة في سوريا وهو الواجهة الأساسية المعتمدة في تصميم وتنفيذ المنشآت البيتونية في نقابة المهندسين السورية وفي مجالس البلديات وهيئات أخرى كثيرة.
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This research deals with the minimum cost design of reinforced concrete T-beams
according to the Syrian code. The aim is to minimize the total cost of the beam while
respecting all the design requirements. Traditional method depend on a set of supp
ositions,
in the opposite this methodology aim to reach the optimal solution among a set of
constraints with respect the objective function. So that, using this methodology leading to
the minimum cost reinforced section design.
This research is shown that the problem can be formulated in a nonlinear
mathematical programming format.
Several cases are used to explain the applicability of the formulation in accordance
with the current Syrian code. Traditional method of Syrian code has been used to design
sections in this paper, utilizing the nonlinear programming method provided by Lingo14.0
software from LINDO Systems Inc. The comparison of the results shows that important
saving can be obtained at the total cost of a reinforced concrete T-beams design.
Divorce is a phenomena that has a certain privacy about it, although
its impact goes beyond the individual to include the community as a
whole. The parties to the relationship affected by divorce are inflicted by
long-term moral and material damag
e, due to the consequent negative
impact of the disintegration of the family, the adverse and negative
effects on the children, and the social and non-social effects like disorders
ranging from personal to deviant behavior and crime. Divorce is an
ominous accident ominous for the couple as it indicates the extent of the
disintegration of the family; it is a kind of escape from the tensions and
obligations of marriage. The study of divorce is important to identify the
extent of the relation of disintegrated families to social problems
afflicting households and families. The family is part of the community
and when households are strong the society will become strong, and vice
versa. The study identifies the reasons of divorce and the dire
consequences on the family, the children and the relationship of husband
and wife. The study discusses the strong relationship between the culture
of the society and its values and beliefs and the increasing divorce rates
If it is not cracked then it is not working. This statement is the actual result of difference
between tension strength of concrete and tension strength of steel in concrete structures
elements that are economically designed.
In spite of that, eng
ineers rarely use this statement to explain cracks in buildings, but
sometimes they use it to calm down the owner of some cracked building. That's why we should
define acceptable cracks and their degrees.
Cracks in concrete and reinforced concrete structures are a bad sign, although some of
these cracks have no negative effect on the utilization of the structure.
Reasons of cracks are various and different, some of them might occur in different types
of cracking while others may lead to a single type of crack.
Cracks formation in concrete varies due to the different factors causing them, which also
may be structural or related to the utilization of building.
It is not easy to put a useful list for probable reasons of cracking as cracks have many
shapes and any one of them might increase the danger of another one or even exceeds it. To
explain the relationship between these types, we proposed the cracking tree, which may help
the designer to take into consideration the probable reasons for cracking.
The main specification of cracks is that its three nodes define the three periods in the life
of a structure: design, construction and service. These are also divided into lists including
reasons causing cracking and their effects on each other.
Cracking tree branches into tension roots, taking into consideration that the first branches
determine the physical properties of cracks (width, depth, length,…). Then these branches
take their way throughout the three phases,(restriction of movement is the most important
branch). When these branches stop growing, they can tell the severity of cracking, in respect
to durability and beauty. This definitely still needs accurate study and repair.
This research aims to study the direct reasons of cracking, factors that increase cracks,
and types of cracking growing in structural members (Columns, Beams, Plates,..). Add to that
the procedures needed to prevent or stop cracks growing. We also offer an attempt to point the
best methods and materials to be used for restoration.
This research investigates the behavior of RC frames
strengthened using steel jacket technique and the impact of using
this technique on the frame specifications was examined in terms of
rigidity, ductility and resistance.
Cracks are considered important defects in concrete elements, it was noticed after constructing the reinforced concrete walls related to the Foundation, that after a short time after the hardening of concrete and without any overloading on the wall,
there have been vertical cracks of regular distances along each wall we noticed this phenomenon it had happened in many construction projects. We have described the situation, we have also explained, analyzed it by examining its reasons. By a thorough study of three projects carried out in lattakia including scale decanter, building of a tourist hotel and a trade centre, which crack width ranging from 1.25 mm to 3 mm, the height differed in each case studied. Ultimately we have found the practical solutions to avoid this phenomenon including adoption of longitudinal joints for reinforced concrete walls, spacing is about thirty times the wall thickness in order to avoid cracks caused by shrinkage and thermal stress where the depth of joint about 20 mm and the width ranging between 15 mm to 20 mm implemented on both sides of the wall internal and external. After hardening of concrete and lifting the wooden template fill the joints with filler flexible materials.
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