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Register a new userProcess variables in catalytic reforming
دراسة العوامل المتغيّرة في التحسين المحفوز
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محمد مرهف القاسمي( باحث )
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تعد درجة الحرارة و التدفق النسبي من أهم العوامل المؤثرة في التحسين المحفوز و ذلك من حيث أثرهما في عدد أكتان نفثا المحسنة و مردودها الحجمي . و قد بينت الدراسة المجراة وجود علاقة بين التدفق النسبي و درجة الحرارة بحيث يصبح تغير التدفق النسبي عديم الأثر في عدد الأكتان و المردود الحجمي عند درجة حرارة تساوي 425 ºم, حيث يصبح التدفق النسبي عديم الأثر في المردود الحجمي عند الدرجة 393 ºم التي تلتقي عندها الخطوط جميعها . كذلك يصبح تغير درجة الحرارة عديم الأثر في المردود الحجمي عند تدفق نسبي مقداره 4,3 و ينعدم أثر درجة الحرارة في عدد الأكتان عند تدفق نسبي مقداره 4,6.
Reaction temperature and space velocity are two of the most important process variables in catalytic reforming. They affect both the octane number of the reformate and its volumetric yield. The present study has demonstrated that there is a definite relationship between the reaction temperature and space velocity. The effect of the change in space velocity became insignificant at a temperature of 425ºC where space velocity does not seem to have an effect on the volumetric yield at a temperature of 390ºC where all lines meet. Equally, at a space velocity of 4.3 the temperature does not seem to have an effect on the volumetric yield, and the effect of temperature became insignificant at a space velocity of 4.6 .
References used
H. Al-Haj Ibrahim, Petroleum Refinery Engineering (in Arabic), Vol. 1, Al-Baath University, 1982
J. Ancheyta, Modelling and Simulation of Catalytic Rectors for Petroleum Refining, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Hoboken, New Jersey, 2011
M. A. Fahim, T.A. Al-Sahhaf, and A.S. Elkilani, Fundamentals of Petroleum Refining, 1st edit., A E Amesterdam, The Netherlands, Copyright© 2010, Elsevier B.V. All right reserved
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The study was conducted in Damascus district, due to the importance of
vegetable cultivation in this area. Two towns were selected randomly and four
villages from each selected town with ten vegetable farmers from each selected
village were random
ly selected for the study. Thus, the total size of the sample
was 80 farmers. The data was collected with the help of specially designed and
pre-tested interview schedule. The objectives of the study were; to study some
socio - economic variables of vegetable growers, and to know their sources of
agricultural information, marketing channels, training needs and the main
constraints faced them in producing and marketing of vegetables.
Some kinetic parameters have been determined in this work for thermal and catalytic
cracking of the mixed of polyethylene and polypropylene using batch method. The
cracking reaction was carried out at different temperature 470,490 and 510oC under
atmospheric pressure. The mass of products (liquid and gas fractions) were determined and
used to plot the curves of the thermal and catalytic decomposition. We used two types of
catalysts: Syrian natural Zeolite and the same after loading with sulfate ions using
impregnation method. The thermal cracking has a long time and has firs-pseud order
reaction. While in the case of catalytic process we note that the reaction finished in the
short time and the process is the Zero-pseud order reaction. The rate of the cracking
increased very much, the rate constant was k1=0.0032.min-1 in the thermal cracking at
4700C and ko=0.111.min-1 in the case of catalytic cracking in presence of Z catalyst and
ko= 0.206 min-1 in presence of 15-SO4
2-/Z as catalytic at the same temperature. In the other
hand activation energy was 208.7 kj/mol in the thermal process and decreased to 116.6
kj/mol at Z catalytic presence and to 87.3 kj/mol at 15-SO4
2-/Z catalytic presence.
This research depends on treating different waste polystyrenes like; general
purpose polystyrene, foamed polystyrene (styropor), high impact, and rubber
modified polystyrene (HIPS) by thermal cracking in order to have liquid
products which might b
e used as additives to gasoline. These products are
essentially aromatics and aromatic olefines of a high octane number > ١٠٠, free
from sulfer and lead, and they are able to be used as octane boosters. It is
possible to redistill these products in order to have styene monomer with a
yield of ٤٠ - ٤٣٪, which can be used after that for polymerisation purposes.
polystyrene
بولي ستيرين
نفايات البولي ستيرين المختلفة
نقطة الإيتيلين المختلطة
نقطة الوميض
قرينة اليود
رقم الأوكتان
التكسير الحراري لنفايات البولي ستيرين
التكسير الحراري لنفايات البولي ستيرين باستخدام حفاز « البنتونايت »
Different waste polystyren
Mixed aniline point
Flash point
Indine index
Octane number
Thermal cracking of rubber polystyren
المزيد..
It is found that the ferric ions, as a catalyst, have a weak effect on the
oxidation of luminol "triaminophtal hydrazid" by (DPCA) and through chemiluminescence
reaction. For increasing the catalytic activity of ferric ions we
used organic and non
organic compounds. The best compound was o –
phenathroline. It forms two different complexes with ferric (A) and ferrous (B)
ions (A, B). The formation of hydrolyzed mixture of the complexes (Ph-Fe3+)
depends on the pH. We found that (Ph-Fe3+) complex was very effective in
chime-luminescence process above mentioned.
A study conducted at Marj Al Kareem (The Scientific Agricultural Centre
for Researches) in cooperation with Damascus University Faculty of
Agriculture, The target group was Awassi sheep; about 323 ewes, 30 rams of
the age "3-4 years", 424 lambs fo
rm the age 1 day to 5 months during the
season 2002-2003. The animals have been put under the same nutritional and
environmental conditions, and the same health care program.
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