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Register a new userThe Effect of Motivation in Mitigating Punishment of a Legal Person
الدافع و أثره في تخفيف عقوبة الشخص الاعتباري أثر الدافع في تخفيف عقوبة الشخص الاعتباري
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Aِl-Baath University ورقة بحثية
Publication date
2016
fields
Law
and research's language is
العربية
Authors
صبا جنيدي( باحث )
Created by
Shamra Editor
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دخل الشخص الاعتباري مختلف مجالات الحياة، و تعاظم دوره، و ازدادت نشاطاته التي كانت في بعضٍ منها مجرَّمة ما دفع المشرع، في معظم دول العالم، للاعتراف بالمسؤولية الجزائية للشخص الاعتباري كوسيلةٍ قانونيَّةٍ فاعلة في مواجهة خطورته الإجرامية.
Legal person entered various areas of life, and the growing role and increased its activities, which were, in some of them, criminal so the legislator, in most countries of the world, recognize the responsibility of criminal legal person legally as an effective means in the face of dangerous criminal.
References used
السراج، عبود، 2014 ، شرح قانون العقوبات العام. ط 5، جامعة دمشق، دمشق.
الفاضل، محمد، 1965 ، الجرائم الواقعة على الأشخاص. ط 3، مطابع فتى العرب، دمشق.
حومد، عبد الوهاب، 1990 ، المفصَّل في شرح قانون العقوبات / القسم العام. لا يوجد رقم طبعة، المطبعة الجديدة، دمشق.
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The penal system has a lot of interest in the side of the legislator
because of its impact in promoting a sense of collective
achievement of justice through accountability person for offenses
committed by the rhythm and therefore the appropriate p
unishment.
Even the penal system is closer to justice should be pursuing a
legislator individualize punishment policy that will climb
penalizing alone top by emphasizing, and landing the penalty to a
minimum through mitigation, depending on the circumstances of
the actor, and the status of a moment of committing the crime, as
well as depending on the policy of the legislator Criminal.
The juridical person enjoys all the rights of the natural person, except the rights that
accompany the human being, according to the law. This person doesn't enjoy the
rights of the natural person, because of the differences of themnature. jurists
agrees
on the juridical person doesn't enjoy the rights that accompany the natural person,
because it does fit with his objective nature which is distance from the world of
feelings and senses and soul according to the psychological make - up to both of
them. But there are certain rights which are still distributable judicially and
juristically including the right of the author right. Although modern legislation
acknowledged as being production. because mind and thought, this is restrictive to
the natural person.
Islam has protected humans from anything that can cause
harm and spread of sins. Some of what Islam has provided is
the law of Punishment that puts society in order and organize
people's relations in order to make them live in harmony. On of
the
important rules that the Islamic law was built on,is that a
person is not punished on behalf of another person's mistake.
The Punishment comes along with how bad the criminal act
was,so the robber wasn't punished by killing, nor the murderer
jailed for tow days for example, and then no Punishment was
build on suspicious doubts, unless solid evidence and eye
witnesses are provided. Islam made the Punishment of harming
society stronger. The drug dealers Punishment was not
mentioned in the Quran or sunna. But because of the great
damage caused to individuals and society, therefore the death
sentence is justified under special circumstances and comes by
the measurements of Islamic rules.
In this paper, we study ethnic bias and how it varies across languages by analyzing and mitigating ethnic bias in monolingual BERT for English, German, Spanish, Korean, Turkish, and Chinese. To observe and quantify ethnic bias, we develop a novel met
ric called Categorical Bias score. Then we propose two methods for mitigation; first using a multilingual model, and second using contextual word alignment of two monolingual models. We compare our proposed methods with monolingual BERT and show that these methods effectively alleviate the ethnic bias. Which of the two methods works better depends on the amount of NLP resources available for that language. We additionally experiment with Arabic and Greek to verify that our proposed methods work for a wider variety of languages.
NLP models are vulnerable to data poisoning attacks. One type of attack can plant a backdoor in a model by injecting poisoned examples in training, causing the victim model to misclassify test instances which include a specific pattern. Although defe
nces exist to counter these attacks, they are specific to an attack type or pattern. In this paper, we propose a generic defence mechanism by making the training process robust to poisoning attacks through gradient shaping methods, based on differentially private training. We show that our method is highly effective in mitigating, or even eliminating, poisoning attacks on text classification, with only a small cost in predictive accuracy.
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