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The fraud as an exception to independence principle in letter of credit

الغش كاستثناء على مبدأ استقلال الالتزامات في الاعتماد المستندي (دراسة قانونية مقارنة)

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 Publication date 2016
and research's language is العربية
 Created by Shamra Editor




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On the one hand, the principle “fraud unravels all” is one of the most important principles in the civil law, because of the law doesn’t protect the person who act in bad faith. On the other hand, the independence principle is the most important principle in the letter of credit. Which that principle means: the bank’s obligation to pay is separated from the underlying contract’s performance, and the bank must honor the credit if the beneficiary presents the compliant bills of documents, as well as the beneficiary is protected from the risks of non-payment. So, what is the influence of the fraud on the independence principle. That is what we are going to discover.


Artificial intelligence review:
Research summary
تناقش هذه الدراسة القانونية مبدأ استقلال الالتزامات في الاعتماد المستندي وكيفية تأثير الغش على هذا المبدأ. الاعتماد المستندي هو وسيلة لضمان حقوق الأطراف في التجارة الدولية، حيث يلتزم المصرف بالدفع للبائع عند تقديم المستندات المطلوبة. ومع ذلك، يمكن للبائعين سيئي النية استغلال هذا النظام عن طريق تقديم مستندات مزورة أو عدم تنفيذ التزاماتهم بشكل صحيح. تهدف الدراسة إلى تسليط الضوء على مدى إمكانية تطبيق مبدأ 'الغش يُفسد كل شيء' على الاعتماد المستندي، مما يسمح للمشتري بطلب إيقاف تنفيذ الاعتماد في حالة الغش. تعتمد الدراسة على المنهج التحليلي المقارن، حيث تم تحليل القواعد الأساسية في القانون المدني والأعراف الموحدة للاعتمادات المستندية، ومقارنة أساليب بعض الدول في معالجة هذا الموضوع. تنقسم الدراسة إلى مبحثين: الأول يتناول مفهوم الاعتماد المستندي ومظاهر استقلال الالتزامات، والثاني يتناول استثناء الغش في الاعتماد المستندي. تتناول الدراسة أيضاً أهمية اكتشاف الغش قبل تنفيذ المصرف لالتزامه، وتأثير الغش الصادر من الغير على الاعتماد المستندي. توصلت الدراسة إلى أن مبدأ 'الغش يُفسد كل شيء' يمكن تطبيقه على الاعتماد المستندي، مع الحفاظ على حقوق الأطراف حسني النية.
Critical review
دراسة نقدية: تعتبر هذه الدراسة شاملة ومفصلة في تناولها لموضوع الغش في الاعتماد المستندي وتأثيره على مبدأ استقلال الالتزامات. ومع ذلك، يمكن القول أن الدراسة قد تكون أكثر فعالية إذا تضمنت أمثلة عملية وحالات دراسية من الواقع لتوضيح النقاط النظرية بشكل أفضل. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يمكن أن تكون الدراسة أكثر شمولية إذا تناولت تأثير التكنولوجيا الحديثة والتجارة الإلكترونية على الاعتماد المستندي والغش المرتبط بها. كما أن الدراسة قد تستفيد من تحليل أعمق للقوانين المحلية والدولية المتعلقة بالغش في الاعتماد المستندي وتقديم توصيات محددة لتحسين الأطر القانونية الحالية.
Questions related to the research
  1. ما هو مبدأ استقلال الالتزامات في الاعتماد المستندي؟

    مبدأ استقلال الالتزامات يعني أن التزام المصرف بالدفع للبائع مستقل عن عقد البيع بين البائع والمشتري، ويجب على المصرف الوفاء بالتزامه عند تقديم المستندات المطلوبة بغض النظر عن أي نزاعات بين البائع والمشتري.

  2. كيف يمكن للبائعين سيئي النية استغلال نظام الاعتماد المستندي؟

    يمكن للبائعين سيئي النية استغلال نظام الاعتماد المستندي عن طريق تقديم مستندات مزورة أو عدم تنفيذ التزاماتهم بشكل صحيح، مثل عدم إرسال البضاعة أو إرسالها معيبة، بهدف الحصول على قيمة الاعتماد دون حق.

  3. ما هو تأثير اكتشاف الغش قبل تنفيذ المصرف لالتزامه؟

    إذا تم اكتشاف الغش قبل تنفيذ المصرف لالتزامه، يمكن للمشتري طلب إيقاف تنفيذ الاعتماد أو الحجز عليه، مما يمنع المصرف من الوفاء بالتزامه تجاه البائع سيء النية.

  4. ما هي التوصيات التي قدمتها الدراسة لتحسين الأطر القانونية المتعلقة بالغش في الاعتماد المستندي؟

    توصي الدراسة بتقنين قواعد خاصة بموضوع الاحتيال في الاعتماد المستندي، وتهيئة الكوادر المتخصصة قانونياً في الاعتماد المستندي والتجارة الدولية، وتفعيل دور شركات المراقبة وجعل الشهادات الصادرة عنها متطلباً أساسياً لتراخيص الاستيراد.


References used
Gao Xiang and Ross P.Buckley,2003 A comparative Analysis of the standard of fraud required under The fraud rule in letter of credit, Duke Journal of Comparative & international law, Vol 13: 2003,P.293-P.336
MERAL,N, 2012, The fraud exception in documentary credits-a global analysis, Ankara Bar Review, Vol. 2012-2, P.41-P.76
Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits 2007 Revision (UCP 600), 2007 International Chamber of commerce
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