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Chilling Hour Requirements for Breaking Dormancy in Flowering Buds of some Syrian Pistacia Species

احتياجات البرودة المطلوبة لكسر طور سكون براعم بعض أنواع البطم في سورية

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 Publication date 2011
and research's language is العربية
 Created by Shamra Editor




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The chill hour requirements of female and male trees of Pistacia atlantica, Pistacia palaestina and Pistacia khinjuk have been examined. This was carried out through putting the studied cuttings in cool chamber for different perriods of temperatures of 2 °C (550, 650, 750, 850, 950, and 1050 hours). The cuttings, later on, were moved into growth chamber which offers temperature, moisture and light similar to that available at the time of flowering season naturally.


Artificial intelligence review:
Research summary
تتناول هذه الدراسة احتياجات البرودة اللازمة لكسر طور السكون في براعم بعض أنواع البطم في سوريا، وهي البطم الأطلسي (Pistacia atlantica)، البطم الفلسطيني (Pistacia palaestina)، وبطم كنجوك (Pistacia khinjuk). تم تعريض عقل هذه الأنواع لدرجات حرارة منخفضة (2 درجة مئوية) لفترات زمنية مختلفة (550، 650، 750، 850، 950، و1050 ساعة). بعد ذلك، تم نقل العقل إلى حجرة نمو توفر ظروفًا مشابهة لتلك الموجودة في الطبيعة خلال موسم الإزهار. أظهرت النتائج أن الأنواع المدروسة يمكن تصنيفها إلى ثلاث فئات بناءً على احتياجاتها من ساعات البرودة: احتياجات منخفضة (550 ساعة)، احتياجات متوسطة (650 ساعة)، واحتياجات عالية (750 ساعة). توضح الدراسة أن احتياجات البرودة لهذه الأنواع قريبة من تلك المطلوبة للفستق الحلبي، مما يشير إلى إمكانية استخدامها كملقحات للفستق الحلبي وزراعتها كأسيجة ومصدات رياح في مناطق زراعة الفستق الحلبي. تم تحليل البيانات باستخدام برنامج SPSS وبرنامج SYSTAT 8.0 لإظهار الفروقات المعنوية بين الأنواع المدروسة.
Critical review
تقدم الدراسة معلومات قيمة حول احتياجات البرودة لأنواع البطم المختلفة في سوريا، مما يساهم في تحسين زراعة هذه الأنواع واستخدامها كملقحات للفستق الحلبي. ومع ذلك، يمكن توجيه بعض النقد البناء للدراسة. أولاً، كان من الأفضل توسيع نطاق الدراسة ليشمل المزيد من المواقع والأنواع لضمان تعميم النتائج بشكل أفضل. ثانيًا، لم تتناول الدراسة تأثير التغيرات المناخية المحتملة على احتياجات البرودة لهذه الأنواع، وهو موضوع مهم في ظل التغيرات المناخية العالمية. أخيرًا، كان من الممكن تقديم توصيات أكثر تفصيلاً حول كيفية تطبيق النتائج في الزراعة العملية.
Questions related to the research
  1. ما هي الأنواع الثلاثة من البطم التي تمت دراستها في البحث؟

    الأنواع الثلاثة هي البطم الأطلسي (Pistacia atlantica)، البطم الفلسطيني (Pistacia palaestina)، وبطم كنجوك (Pistacia khinjuk).

  2. ما هي الفئات الثلاث التي تم تصنيف الأنواع المدروسة إليها بناءً على احتياجاتها من ساعات البرودة؟

    تم تصنيف الأنواع إلى ثلاث فئات: احتياجات منخفضة (550 ساعة)، احتياجات متوسطة (650 ساعة)، واحتياجات عالية (750 ساعة).

  3. كيف يمكن استخدام نتائج الدراسة في الزراعة العملية؟

    يمكن استخدام الأنواع المدروسة كملقحات للفستق الحلبي وزراعتها كأسيجة ومصدات رياح في مناطق زراعة الفستق الحلبي.

  4. ما هي البرامج الإحصائية التي استخدمت لتحليل البيانات في الدراسة؟

    تم استخدام برنامج SPSS وبرنامج SYSTAT 8.0 لتحليل البيانات وإظهار الفروقات المعنوية بين الأنواع المدروسة.


References used
Byrne, D.H. and T.A. Bacon, 1992. Chilling Accumulation: its Importance and Estimation. The Texas Horticulturist 18 (8) pp. 8-9
Campbell, J., 1995.Winter Chill! - Apples and Pears for Warmer Districts. The Sixth Conference of the Australasian Council on Tree and Nut Crops Inc. Lismore, NSW, Australia. 11-15- Sept
Cheng, P. H. and Meng, C. Y. K. 1992, A New Formula for Tail probabilities of DUNNETT’s T with Unequal Sample Sizes, ASA Proc. Stat. Comp., 177- 182
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The experiment detected the chill hour requirements of 6 female and 8 male varieties of Pistachio (Pictacia vera L.) cultivated in Aleppo, Idleb, Hama and Dar’a in Syria needed to break down their bud dormancy. Studied cuttings left at 2°C in cool chamber for 650, 750, 850, 950, 1050 and 1150 hours were placed into growth chamber offering temperature, moisture and brightness similar to those available in nature during the period of blooming flowers. Statistical analysis distinguished clearly between the chill requirements of the female and the male varieties, where the males needed lower cold hours. Also, the female varieties showed differences among them in their chill requirements due to genetic resources which were affected by their geographical areas and attitudes. The period in the growth chamber needed to reach a proper blooming ranged between 32 days in the case of Ashoury variety cultivated in Dar’a with 1150 chill hours and 54 days with Nab Aljamal variety existed in Hama and Idleb with 650 chill hours. Meanwhile, in the male varieties this figure was between 22 days for male 2 cultivated in Idleb (1150 chill hour) and 43 days for Male E in Dar’a (650 chill hours). The cluster configuration between the males and females varieties was sorted by putting them in two relative distant sub-clusters. The females varieties were distributed sorted into sub-groups as well, insuring the similarity among the ones belong. In addition, The males varieties were distributed into two types depending on their earliness blooming time (early: Hama1, Hama2, Idleb1, Idleb2 – late: A jellin, E Jellin, Aleppo1, Aleppo2). The results could be useful for the decisions of what varieties to be grown in certain places depending on natural chill hours available there.
The research trial was carried out at University of California, Davis, Agriculture and Natural Resources, Cooperative Extension–Kearney Agricultural Center (KAC). Part of the scientific work in the laboratory started from November 1, 2001 through out the end of February 2002. This trial was conducted using Pistacia vera; the female variety ‘Kerman’ and its pollinator, variety ‘Peters’;… both are grafted on the rootstock UCB1.
This study was carried out during 2014-2015 in two different nurseries located in University nursery (Lattakia governorate) and Salhab nursery (countryside of Hama governorate). Seeds were taken from two sites of Lattakia governorate (Mashqita– Bsn ada) where Cordia myxa exists as exotic species in some coastal regions and three treatments in addition to control were examined .The results showed that there is an effect of scarification of seeds on investigated treatments and were significant differences in germination percentage in both sites which recorded 55% in university nursery and 35% in Al-Ghab nursery. While there were not contrast between the soaking in boiling and tap water treatments on the seed germination energy in Al-Ghab nursery. Scarification treatment gave higher value of germination energy 25% in Al-Ghab nursery and 21.66% in university nursery , while the same treatment decreased germination velocity compared to other treatments in university nursery which seed needed in average ( 8,01 day) whereas the same treatment increased germination velocity in Al-Ghab nursery which needed (1,54 day). Finally, regarding to cutting ,There is not observe to any positive influence to cuttings which treated in ABA hormone (1g/l) for (10,20,30 m). It could be deduced that there were changes in germination percentage, germination energy and germination velocity in two sites which appeared to be a Preliminary indication of impact of the some dormancy breaking treatments on investigated indications of Cordia myxa Forsk. species .
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Winter chilling requirements are critical for flowering and fruiting of many fruit species, with evidence that pistachio has been adversely affected by warm winter, so that estimating chilling and heat requirements is crucial for identifying appro priate cultivars for given site. In our study, different levels of chilling hours were applied (500-600-700-800-900-1000-1100-1200-1300-1400 h).
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