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تطورت التجارة الالكترونية عبر الإنترنيت و توسعت في المدة الأخيرة حتى تجاوز حجمها في بعض البلدان حجم الصفقات التي تجري عبر وسائل التجارة التقليدية. تعتمد التجارة الالكترونية على وسائل دفع الكترونية مثل بطاقات الائتمان و بطاقات الاعتماد و المحفظات الالكترونية و غيرها، لكن لهذه الوسائل عدة مساوئ مثل وجود خطر سرقة رقم البطاقة، و كون صفقات المتعامل بها قابلة للتعقب و الملاحقة، و ارتفاع العمولة نسبياً حال استخدامها من أجل الدفعات الصغيرة. أدى ذلك إلى استمرار التعامل بالعملة الورقية مع مساوئها المتمثلة في كبر حجمها و وجود كلفة في نقلها و خطر على حاملها، و لأن تبادلها يحتاج إلى التقاء فعلي بين الأطراف المتبادلة. و قد نجم عما سبق فكرة الحاجة إلى نوع جديد من وسائل الدفع يجمع بين خصائص النقد التقليدي و ميزات وسائل الدفع الالكترونية و يتلافى مساوئ كل منهما، أطلق على هذه الوسيلة اسم النقد الرقمي الذي هو عبارة عن بيانات تحمل قيمة نقدية تُولَّد بطرائق الكترونية. و قد طورت عدة أنظمة للنقد الرقمي و لكل منها ميزاتها و حدود وقفت عندها. يبين هذا البحث أهم هذه الأنظمة و نظاماً جديداً مقترحاً يحقق متطلبات إضافية للنقد الرقمي لا تحققها الأنظمة السابقة مثل الكفاءة و التجزئة.
No English abstract
References used
Guilin Wang, "Digital Cash", University of Birmingham, Handout of Network Security: 3 March 2008
Bruce Schneier, (1996) "Applied Cryptography, Second Edition: Protocols, Algorthms, and Source", John Wiley & Sons, Inc.01/01/96, ISBN: 0471128457, pp. 126-132
Haejung Park., "VARIOUS ASPECTS OF DIGITAL CASH", (2008), Haejung University of Maryland, College Park
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This paper analyzes the position and role of the mosque as a factor in the formation,
transformation and development of Muslim–inhabited cities, from many neighborhoods to the
entire city, and shows proof linking mosque structure with the structure
of a city and of
neighborhoods, while having the moral and material dimensions. In this regard, considering a
comprehensive view of the mosques in the structure and design of cities and neighborhoods, is
not seen as a single element of architecture, but as the role of historical mosques and religious
beliefs and changes from a traditional society to a modern one. However, in the form of urban
solutions, it is the physical development of the neighborhood, because the mosque has always
been an integral part of Muslim–inhabited areas and more than its constituent elements in
bringing about change and urban development.
The modern revolution in Fine Arts started by rationality used for building the new form, and
it started by emotionality and sensuality in style by forming eyeglass image in the physical
reality.
The painting was a tangible declaration from the ab
stract thinking.
The reason could be the motivation to control the sensuality, to decompose the information,
and to explore the results.
It uses comparison of the new information for changing the construction of real form, and
transfiguring it by the senses from imitation, to produce new forms as imagined by the painter.
This reason is influenced by the new schools of Fine Arts, like: Impressionism, Cubism,
Surrealism, and abstraction.
The research handles the concept of decadence in the philosophy of Nietzsche, in an attempt to highlight the role of this concept first in Nietzsche's the philosophy of history, then Nietzsche's use of this concept in criticizing Christianity, as Nie
tzsche saw in Christianity a systematic degeneration when it falsified values and fight human creativity, and invested the values which it called for them to stand against the natural power and natural progress. Finally, this research deals with Nietzsche's attitude which calls for rewriting general history and the actual Christian history.
This research provides a number of knowledgeable and
methodological solutions regarding the rhytorical text and
analyzing its content.
Furthermore, it leaves new doors wider open to understand texts
and to add new technical and scientific methods to help students
understand the pragmatic meaning.
This research aims at getting acquainted with the characteristics
of digital repositories in the domain of libraries and data,
displaying world models, their uses and traits for the community
of beneficences at the academic community, in addition
to
studying the qualities of software of digital repertory and the
used modals in building those repertories, getting acquainted
with the management systems and their services, and
establishing a vision of the basic technical structure of digital
repository at Al-Baath university in the light of world calibers
and protocols.
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