This paper presents the papal attempt to ally with the Mongols who aimed to achieve
two basic objectives: surround the Islamic world and spread the Christianity among the
Mongols in order to attract them on one hand and prevent their malice on the
other. At the
time the Mongols are attacking Baghdad, the Crusaders can attack Egypt. In order to
achieve that, the papal authority sent many reconciliations that began with John Alcaerbini
reconciliation followed by Andrei Lunga mission then Anselmo Ocelin mission. The
content of the messages of those reconciliations was the call to follow the Christianity and
to prevail peace between the Europeans and the Mongols, but the reaction of the Mongols
was disappointing because they asked the Pope and the King's of Europe to attend by
themselves and show their loyalty and obedience to them. However, these reconciliations
were not only restricted to the religious authority (the papacy), but also moved to the
political side, by the King Louis IX showing a great desire in allying with the Mongols and
sending several reconciliations to achieve it. But in vain, because it only assured to the
papal authority and the King Louis that the idea of alliance with the Mongols at that period
was impossible in the policy that the Mongols followed with all the world's population:
either by obedience or by war.
The second half of the seventh century and the beginning of the eighth century AD and the second half of the thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries have witnessed a great development in diplomatic relations between the Mamluk bahri in Egypt and Sy
ria and the various Christian powers in the East. These relationships were in the form of several diplomatic means such as ambassadors, letters, and signing treaties. This study focuses on the role of chancellery of Mamluks in these relationshipsthrough knowing the rules and accurate systems developed by messaging these rulers, specifically ceremonial honors. Finally, this study treats the constraints of multilingualism in the Mamluk sultanate based on the chancellery Mamluk handbooks.
The research handles the concept of decadence in the philosophy of Nietzsche, in an attempt to highlight the role of this concept first in Nietzsche's the philosophy of history, then Nietzsche's use of this concept in criticizing Christianity, as Nie
tzsche saw in Christianity a systematic degeneration when it falsified values and fight human creativity, and invested the values which it called for them to stand against the natural power and natural progress. Finally, this research deals with Nietzsche's attitude which calls for rewriting general history and the actual Christian history.