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Register a new userThe Shift In the Legal Concept of the Right to Self- Determination Between Independence and Secession (With Empirical Study of the Secession of South Sudan)
التحول في المفهوم القانوني لحق تقرير المصير بين تحقيق الاستقلال و الانفصال (مع دراسة تطبيقية لحالة انفصال جنوب السودان)
2005
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يتناول هذا البحث التحول الذي بات يلاحظ في مفهوم حق تقرير المصير تحت تأثير تزايد الاهتمام بقضايا الديمقراطية و حقوق الإنسان و ما يرافقها من عولمة متنامية لمشكلاتها، و على رأسها تلك الناشئة عن علاقة الأقليات العرقية أو الدينية مع حكومات دولها الأم التي باتت ترتفع في كثير منها أصواتاً تنادي بالتوجه نحو منح تلك الأقليات حق الانفصال و إضفاء شرعية القانون الدولي العام على مثل هذا الانفصال تحت عنوان حق تقرير المصير، و هو ما دفع بعض الفقهاء و الباحثين للتحول في مفهوم هذا الحق من حقيقة كونه آلية دولية أُريد بها تحقيق استقلال الدول الواقعة تحت نير الاستعمار و ضمان مباشرتها لسيادتها الكاملة على ترابها الوطني إلى وسيلة لتسوية صراعات داخلية تخوضها بعض الأقليات مع حكومات بلدانها، الأمر الذي يتطلب إلقاء الضوء على هذا التحول و بيان مدى انسجامه مع مفهوم حق تقرير المصير و مضمونه، مع دراسة لحالة معاصرة من تلك الحالات، ألا و هي انفصال جنوب السودان لإضفاء قدر من الحيوية على البحث و نتائجه .
This paper deals with the transition, which is noted in the concept of the right to selfdetermination under the influence of the increasing interest in the issues of democracy and human rights and the accompanying growing globalization of problems, And notably those arising from the relationship of ethnic or religious minorities with the governments of its mother, which is now rising in many voices calling to go towards the prevention of such minorities the right to secession and legitimize public international law on such a separation under the title of the right to self-determination , This prompted some scholars and researchers for a shift in the concept of this right from the fact that he want international mechanism to achieve the independence of States under the yoke of colonialism and to ensure undertaken to full sovereignty over its national territory to a means of settling internal conflicts waged by some minorities with the governments of its countries Which requires to shed light on this transformation and its compatibility statement with the concept and content of the right to self-determination, with the study of the contemporary situation of those cases, namely the secession of southern Sudan to give as much vitality to the research and its results
References used
أبو الخير السيد مصطفى، أزمات السودان الداخلية و القانون الدولي المعاصر، دار إيتراك للنشر، القاهرة، 2006
ابن منظور، لسان العرب، دار الشروق، بيروت، الطبعة الثالثة، الجزء الخامس، 1994
Angela M ,Lloyd , The Southern Sudan : A compelling case for secession , 32 , Colum , J , Transet.IL
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The constitutions of many countries of the world until recently included
traditional rights and freedoms, without paying attention to the
emergence of new rights imposed by human activities in his life, the
most important right to the environment, the right to the environment
was not among the constitutional rights mentioned, Its domestic
legislation on the occasion of its application to the laws of
environmental protection, but with the international and regional
attention to the right to the environment, many constitutions of
comparative countries have recently moved to recognize the principle of
the right of the individual in an appropriate environment.
The eddies at the Egyptian and the Middle East coasts are generated by the instability of the surface circulation (AW: Atlantic Water). For describing these eddies, a lot of satellite images (SST: Sea Surface Temperature) have been treated and analyz
ed at the Levantine sub-basin. This study inferred that there is an approchement in the eddies´ trajectory in both south west and south east of the Levantine sub-basin, where most eddies tend to separate from AW towards off sea. While eddies in the south east of the Levantine develop faster than that in the south west.
The right of defense can be considered as natural rights, and the most important fair
trial guarantees. It is also an inherent right at the center of public individual rights. It has
not only created in favor of the individual but also for the bene
fit of society as a whole.
There is no justice when accused people do not have a full right of defense and where not
possible to verify the truth. This means that enabling the accused to defend himself does
not mean that the punishment is over, but means to emphasize the fundamental pillar of
justice that will reassure the individuals to the proper functioning of mechanisms in
carrying out its mission, and this would remove any doubts about injustice suspicion when
Jurisdiction will announce the accused conviction, also removing the suspicion of
complacency while deciding his innocence.
Therefore, search in protecting the right of the accused to defend himself is not
intellectually luxury, but generally speaking, it is searching in more accurate and the most
complex legal issues, it is a dive in the depths, to stick to legitimacy in a centre of obstacles
is not easy to overcome. Building on the above, we can say that the accused practice of his
right to defend himself, remains inadequate to achieve the purpose if it is not criminally
reinforced. And to enable the exercise of the right of accused to defend himself, the penal
legislator decided to develop a set of substantive rules incriminating and justified, meaning
the dedication of this right to proceed without fear or shame. The accused is in great need
to exercise his right of defense under the umbrella of the criminal protection, and this will
protect him of the treachery of his defense and ensures that his rights will not be exploited
because of the weakness of his position, and the lack of his experience, and the conflict
hostile facing him. To find out the aspects of this protection two sections have been
developed in this research: the first section devoted to the study of the criminal substantive
rules, while the second was created to the study of the justified substantive rules. The aim
of this is to show the criminal aspects of protection of the right of the accused to defend in
court.
حق الدفاع
القضاء الجزائي
الخصومة الجزائية
السر المهني
الأمين على السر المهني
كتمان السر
جريمة إفشاء الأسرار
أسباب التبرير
الإفشاء الوجوبي
الإفشاء الجوازي
right of defense
criminal justice
criminal litigation
professional secret
Secretary to professional secrecy
confidentiality
the crime of divulging secrets
the reasons for justification
obligatory disclosure
disclosure of the permissible
المزيد..
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The researcher adopted on the descriptive analytical metgology to analyse the cost
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symptomatic patients but also in asymptomatic and suspected cases in order to
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