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المفاهيم القانونية للفائدة
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موسى خليل متري( باحث )
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الفائدة: في الفقه الإسلامي كانت محل خلاف بين الأكثرية المساوية بينها و بين الربا و الأقلية التي أجازتها. أما الفائدة في القانون و على خلاف ما يعتقد أغلبية الحقوقيين، فليست فقط فائدة تعويضية بل هي أيضاً فائدة تجارية. الفائدة كمفهوم أولي جاءت على سبيل التعويض عن الضرر و سمح القانون بتحديد التعويض: - إما اتفاقاً بين الفرقاء المتعاقدين على أن لا تتجاوز الفائدة حداً معيناً، و يمكن للقاضي إنزال قيمتها إذا كان هناك مبالغة فيها. - أو قانوناً إِذ حدد القانون فائدة تعويضية على التأخر في وفاء الدين المحدد القيمة ب 4% في المسائل المدنية و 5% في المسائل التجارية (المادة 227 من القانون المدني السوري، و يشار إليها لاحقاً مدني). - أو ترك أمر تحديدها لقاضي الموضوع.
Majority of Muslim scholar forbid interest by considering it as usury and minority of them allow it. In the Syrian law there is a huge confusing in the concept of "interest". Most of the jurists think that it is a simple compensation although that the interest has two large concepts: civil and commercial. The interest in accordance with the civil concept is a compensation for damages. The law provides three different methods to fix the value of interest as compensation: - interest rate to be fixed by the courts. - Interest rate to be fixed by agreement of the contracting parties - And interest rate to be fixed by law.
References used
ابن منظور: "لسان العرب" دار المعارف- القاهرة، 1981 ، المجلد الخامس
أحمد بن حنبل، مسند الإمام أحمد، دار الكتب العلمية- بيروت، 2008 ، الجزء التاسع
د. رفيق يونس المصري: "الجامع في أصول الربا" دار القلم- دمشق 2001
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