نشأ الحق في الحبس بداية في القانون الروماني، إذ منح والي القضاء بين الوطنيين، البريتور، دفعاً بالغش لحائز الشيء الذي يعتقد أنه ملكه، و من ثم أنفق عليه أموالاً من أجل صيانته و تحسينه، ثم ظهر مالكه الحقيقي و أراد استرداده، يستطيع بموجبه أن يدفع دعوى ال
استرداد التي أقامها المالك
حتى يدفع له ما أنفقه في حفظ الشيء و تحسينه. و لم يكرس التقنين المدني الفرنسي لعام 1804 نظرية عامة للحق في الحبس، و إنما نص على بعض التطبيقات له بموجب نصوص متفرقة. و نتيجة ذلك اختلف الفقه في فرنسا حول هل وردت تلك النصوص في التقنين الفرنسي على سبيل الحصر، أم أنها تطبيقات لنظرية عامة، و من ثم يمكن القياس عليها، و انعكس هذا الأمر بدوره على تحديد الطبيعة القانونية للحق في الحبس.
we have dedicated this
research to study the legal and legitimate nature of the banking
Murabaha contract and the problems that might hinder its application.
To determine the nature of the banking Murabaha contract, it is
necessary to differentia
te between the Murabaha contracts on the one
hand and similar contracts on the other hand, such as the sale of trust,
sale at auction, usurious loan contract and the documentary credit
contract. Then the legal and the legitimate adaption of the banking
Murabaha contract should be illustrated to approve the special and
unique nature of this complex process.
Since the documentary credits were the most widely used in the
field of international commerce, as to ensure the execution of
international sales contracts, the question, of the legal nature of the
two categories of documentary credits : Simple (w
hich did not
stipulate to be transferable) and the transferable one, is extremely
important.
To illustrate the special nature of documentary credit, it is
necessary to differentiate between the documentary credit simple
and other similar operations: as letter of guarantee, standby Credit
and documentary collection, and between the transferable
documentary credit and the other similar operations as assignment
of right, back to back credit and other specific credits.
This research intends to provide an explain about natural of socalled
intellectual property that has received considerable attention
legal and economic . Intellectual property is usually divided into
two branches. First one, industrial property, w
hich protects
inventions, while the second is copyright, which protects literary
and artistic works.
Copyright law protects the owner of property
rights against those who copy or otherwise take and use the form in
which the original work without permission from the owner.
Money is one of the most important means of trade that
commercial traffic may stop without them, and with the technical
development witnessed by the world, has become the means of
communication featured event of this century, and with this
develo
pment emerged new forms of electronic payment means,
Some of them is a novelty and some of them is an update to
previously existing tools as in the case of coins and paper money,
and one of the most important of these tools are electronic money ,
and because of the importance of electronic money, it has become
imperative to determine what these coins, and the legal nature of
them , as well as e-cash forms, in order to reach a clear vision of the
electronic money as one of the most important means of electronic
trade , and determine how to deal with it in the business
community.
Having the administrative contracts theory recognized the vast
powers of the administrative body against the contractor with; it
also takes into consideration, at the same time, to ensure that the
contractor's rights which are derived from the contract and the
general rules in order to ensure a balance between the administrative
body and the contractor.
