استدعى توسع التجارة الدولية نشاطاً مرافقاً لها يتعلق بتوحيد قواعد التجارة الدولية. و قد وحدت هذه القواعد بوسائل و أساليب مختلفة كان للفقهاء و الأكاديميين دور مهم به، إذ اقترحوا عدداً من الأفكار القانونية و العملية التي تحولت إلى اتفاقيات دولية أو إقليمية أو قواعد و أعراف قانونية أو نماذج تعاقدية صدرت عن منظمات دولية (مثل القواعد الموحدة للاعتماد المستندي أو نموذج منظمة الأمم المتحدة للتجارة الدولية (UNICTٌٌٌRA).
The unification of legal rules of the international trade has been achieved by
different means. The academics and the concerned people have been very actives in
introducing some legal and practical propositions to unify the rule of international
trade. The different proposition of the academics transferred to became
international or regional treaties, international customs and practices and / or model
contracts issued by international organizations (such as the Unified Rule for
Documentary Credit that were issued by International Chamber of Commerce and
the Joint "Venture" model agreement the was issued by (UNCITRA).
References used
Antoine Kassis :” Théories Générale d`usage du commerce “ LGDJ- Paris -1984
Audit B. : “la VENTE Internationale “ LGDJ- Paris 1990
Chuah Jason: "The law of International Trade“, Suite and Max well- London 1998
Throughout this research we will study the legal rules
governing the transferable letter of credit according to the
following plan:
The first chapter: The items of transferable letter of credit.
The second chapter: The mechanism of transferable letter of
credit.
The international contracts of technology transfer are considered to be one of the
most important agreements for the undeveloped countries for many reasons, firstly
through these contracts the undeveloped countries could fill the gap between them
Water is an important source and vital for human life and especially in light of the
large population growth and lack of water resource in the Middle East, so it knows the
international community the importance of the water issue and the adoption o
The study aimed to evaluate the financial performance of the
International Bank for Trade and Finance during the period (2010-
2015), the financial ratios (ROI, ROE, P/E) were used, which Return
on Investment, Return on Equity, and Price to Earnings Ratio.
Also these ratios were connected with the marketing value of
the share to determine their ability to explain the changes in
price.
The widespread dissemination of the above-mentioned rules and the establishment of an
international criminal court will greatly contribute to opening the way to breaking this
vicious cycle and achieving the objective of establishing legal norms tha