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المسؤولية القانونية للموظف العام
1918
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تعد المسؤولية بوجه عام من أهم الأسس الإنسانية كونها تدخل في معظم العلاقات بين أفراد المجتمع, و هذا البحث يلقي الضوء على المسؤولية القانونية التي تطال الموظف العام بالنظر إلى أنه شخص طبيعي, و فرد من أفراد المجتمع و بالنظر أيضا إلى صفته الوظيفية, و يبين مفهوم كل نوع من أنواع هذه المسؤولية و خصائصها و آثارها.
Responsibility, generally speaking, is deemed as one of the most important foundations of the human life since it governs most of the relations between the members of a community. The present study highlights the role of legal responsibility of the public employee since he is seen as a normal human being and a member of a certain community, in addition to his employment status. The concept and the nature of such a responsibility takes into account the nature, characteristics, and the outcomes of it.
References used
د. الطماوي, سليمان, 1995- قضاء التأديب, مقارنة الكتاب الثالث. دار الفكر العربي, القاهرة.
د. طلبه, عبدالله, 2006- الرقابة القضائية على أعمال الإدارة. المطبعة الجديدة, دمشق.
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The beginning of the second half of the twentieth century witnessed the beginning of a new stage in the development of the global economy, as this stage was marked by the emergence of the so-called international production. The factors affecting the
production process are no longer confined within a single country, but rather have extensions outside the borders of the state.
Indeed, the concept of the global economy has become a substitute for the concept of the national economy, after the principle of freedom of trade and industry prevailed, despite the existence of some exceptions, but these exceptions do not make trade and industry a privilege or a monopoly of the state only, but rather countries have been racing to provide guarantees for companies and institutions that She invests in her country to develop her economy.
In these circumstances, the so-called corporate group system appeared, where empowering the legal person to own shares and shares, such as individuals in other companies and managing them accordingly, has a major impact on the establishment of giant companies, which consist of a company called the parent company that contributes to other companies called The nascent or subsidiary companies are subject to it, where the parent company owns a percentage of the capital of the company or nascent companies in a way that achieves control over this company or companies, despite the independence of each company legally from the parent company, that is, there is an economic unit for the group, if the parent company is a member Dominant in the board of directors of the subsidiary company or the owner of the majority of its capital, it has full control over the nascent company, so that the parent company can direct the subsidiary to serve its interests, and in return the parent company becomes responsible for the debts of the company or subsidiaries, and bear the consequences of its bankruptcy.
This phenomenon has emerged on the domestic and international levels. On the internal level, it is called the holding company, and at the international level, it has been called several names, including the multinational company, or multi-nationalities, or companies that cross national borders.
There is no doubt that Freedom is the opposite of
Authority. Both lunched its range is determined accordance with
society doctrine and political powers.
Political doctrine defines targets and tools of authority,
consequently, it defines position
of Individual and limits of man
freedom. Therefore; public freedoms are connected to society's
doctrine, so it decides which of the two parts gains priority;
Individual, or society. In case of contradict, it decides who must
sacrifice for the favor of the other. This point is the essence of the
Political Dilemma which the law systems suffer.
Majority of Muslim scholar forbid interest by considering it as usury and minority
of them allow it.
In the Syrian law there is a huge confusing in the concept of "interest". Most of the
jurists think that it is a simple compensation although that
the interest has two large
concepts: civil and commercial.
The interest in accordance with the civil concept is a compensation for damages. The
law provides three different methods to fix the value of interest as compensation:
- interest rate to be fixed by the courts.
- Interest rate to be fixed by agreement of the contracting parties
- And interest rate to be fixed by law.
المسؤولية الجنائية للذكاء الاصطناعي
تتمثل أهمية هذه الدراسة في أهمية موضوعها الجديد والحيوي، وهو المسؤولية الجنائية الناتجة عن أخطاء الذكاء الاصطناعي في التشريع الإماراتي "دراسة مقارنة"، فعلى امتداد الخمسين سنة الماضية تضافرت الجهود العالمية في عدد
من الميادين، كالفلسفة والقانون وعلم النفس وعلم المنطق والرياضيات، وعلم الأحياء وغيرها من العلوم، ومنذ سنوات بدأت هذه الجهود تحصد من ثمارها وظهرت إلى الوجود تطبيقات مذهلة للذكاء الاصطناعي، وهذا ما دفع دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة لاستحداث وزارة للذكاء الاصطناعي وعلوم المستقبل، فهذه الخطوة تُضاف إلى سجل الإمارات الحافل بكل ما هو جديد في الثقافة والعلوم وغيرها من المجالات، فالإمارات سبّاقة في البحث وجلب أي أفكار جديدة أو عالمية وتطبيقها، والهدف من ذلك هو الارتقاء بالعمل الإداري. لأن اعتماد الإدارة على الذكاء الاصطناعي يساعدها على التكيف مع التغيرات المتلاحقة، ويساعدها أيضاً على مواجهة التحديات المتعددة والمختلفة، وبالتالي تحقيق الميزة التنافسية التي تسعى الإدارة إلى تحقيقها.
Legal controls for the pouch of evolved as the development
diplomacy, so it is not necessarily a bag or pouch bag just literal sens
of the word. With the increasing number of a bag in the form of large
boxes containing documents or objects intende
d for official use and
sometimes written diplomatic bag and sealed with the slogan of the
state.
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