Military Activity in The Ottoman Empire In the Reign of Sultan Bayezid II ( 1481-1512 )

Compared with his father, Sultan Mohammad the Conqueror , Sultan Bayezid II achieved little – in the military field- on the European front. However, strategically looked at, they were of great importance. He managed to annex both cities Kilia and Crimean. Doing this the black sea became an Ottoman lake. He got involved in a war against Venice, and captured some positions; that helped to advance in the eastern basin of the Mediterranean Sea, and in its western basin as well. on the eastern front failure was dominant. Mamluks' forces managed in defeating several Ottoman armies. His peaceful policies and his slackness in front of the Safavids led to the eruption of several hostile anti- Ottoman movements, and allowed more Safavids influence in Anatolia. Finally to Sultan Bayzid II virtue is attributed for modernizing sea and land forces. Relying on fire arms his son, sultan Selim I succeeded in scoring decisive victories against the Safavids and Mamluks.

Mamluk administration in Aleppo in the ninth century AH / fifteenth century AD (the case of Banu Saffah)

Aleppo has enjoyed great importance in the age of the Mamluk Empirecircassian because of the importance of its geographical location on the northern border of the state Mamluk. Aleppo was an administrative point of central authority in the city of Cairo. This study aims to demonstrate the military and civilian administrative functions, which are found in the city, and groups that have held these jobs. In addition to addressing possible means in order to get, a job in this age.

Diplomatic Correspondence Established in Mamluk Chancellery to Christian Rulers in the East (7-8AH/13-14AD)

The second half of the seventh century and the beginning of the eighth century AD and the second half of the thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries have witnessed a great development in diplomatic relations between the Mamluk bahri in Egypt and Syria and the various Christian powers in the East. These relationships were in the form of several diplomatic means such as ambassadors, letters, and signing treaties. This study focuses on the role of chancellery of Mamluks in these relationshipsthrough knowing the rules and accurate systems developed by messaging these rulers, specifically ceremonial honors. Finally, this study treats the constraints of multilingualism in the Mamluk sultanate based on the chancellery Mamluk handbooks.