As large-scale, pre-trained language models achieve human-level and superhuman accuracy on existing language understanding tasks, statistical bias in benchmark data and probing studies have recently called into question their true capabilities. For a
more informative evaluation than accuracy on text classification tasks can offer, we propose evaluating systems through a novel measure of prediction coherence. We apply our framework to two existing language understanding benchmarks with different properties to demonstrate its versatility. Our experimental results show that this evaluation framework, although simple in ideas and implementation, is a quick, effective, and versatile measure to provide insight into the coherence of machines' predictions.
Abstract While pretrained language models (LMs) have driven impressive gains over morpho-syntactic and semantic tasks, their ability to model discourse and pragmatic phenomena is less clear. As a step towards a better understanding of their discourse
modeling capabilities, we propose a sentence intrusion detection task. We examine the performance of a broad range of pretrained LMs on this detection task for English. Lacking a dataset for the task, we introduce INSteD, a novel intruder sentence detection dataset, containing 170,000+ documents constructed from English Wikipedia and CNN news articles. Our experiments show that pretrained LMs perform impressively in in-domain evaluation, but experience a substantial drop in the cross-domain setting, indicating limited generalization capacity. Further results over a novel linguistic probe dataset show that there is substantial room for improvement, especially in the cross- domain setting.
Aim: to determine the value of RNFL thickness at which visual field defect becomes
detectable.
Methods: Our study included 29 normal subject and 36 glaucomatous patient (one
eye per person) .Every person was examined by OCTOPUS perimetry with glau
coma 30-2
program, and peripapillary RNFL thickness was measured by HIEDELBERGSPECTRALIS
SD_OCT.
Results: comparison of results showed higher sensitivity of OCT compared to
Perimetry. Mean RNFL thickness at which visual field defect showed was 87 microns.
Superior RNFL thickness value which correlated with inferior visual field defect was 101
microns, whereas inferior RNFL thickness value which correlated with superior visual
field defect was 75 microns .and the difference in RNFL thickness between normal and
glaucomatous visual field was significant (p<0.001).
Conclusion: in open-angle glaucoma , it needs significant thinning in RNFL before
visual field defects becomes detectable.
The OCT is a recent diagnostic tool for non-invasive tissue examination, which has
been used in clinical practice since 1995. The OCT is similar to the ultrasonic tomography
in that it relies on optical waves rather than ultrasound ones. The abilit
y to obtain highcontrast
images of the retina in a non-invasive manner has made this examination very
important in retinal diseases associated with macula..
Therefore, our objective is to study the statistical values of the measurements of the
macular thickness using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and the relationship of
each value to age, sex, medication ,duration of diabetes ,and the visual acuity in diabetic
eyes. Therefore, the accurate measurement of the macular thickness is important to follow
up disease progression, evaluate treatment and accurately diagnose lesions of visual
acuity.
The thickness of the macula in the left and right eye was thicker in males than in
females. We find out that the visual ability declines with age. For both left and right eyes,
the thickness of the macula increases with age and the content of the macula correlates
with its thickness and the period of the disease. There are no statistically significant
differences of the thicknesses with different treatment types (insulin or pills),so we notice a
correlation between the visual acuity and the thickness of the macula in both eyes ,so that
the higher the thickness of the macula in diabetic patients ,the lower the visual acuity . In
the study of the different parts of the macula, the internal part is thicker than the external
part and the nasal part is thicker than the different parts of the macula, and the nasointernal
part is the thickest.
The extended text, that contains much paragraphs, is built on parts. These are
phrases, clauses, sentences.
Text,s linguists try to pass sentence for the whole of text, but they don,t ignore considering
that a sentence is the basis of analysis and
interpretation.
Collocations are a"micro semantic units" in a text, but grammatically they are sentences,
phrases, or clauses. These structures are able to give the macro semantic units,
which the producer intends to show to the receiver by several manners, or process, whereas,
part refers to whole.
Collocations may be a nucler topic storing the text,s macro semantic units, in one
part, or contain correlating " themes" to reffier to it, in second part, or include connotations
united to reffier to it, in third part.
R.Barthes declared that producer is dead, and J.Kristiva said that text is opened , so
receiver contributes in reproducing, according to his cultural background, knowledge of
the world, and experiences.
Our Study depended on "voice,scollocations", and its role in "Coherence" in Narrative
Text:( Ghadah al-Samman,s "Beirut 75").
The research aims to identify the role of organizational culture in reducing resistance to
change of the employees through a study of the relationship between the dimensions of the
organizational culture, and the reasons of resistance change by emp
loyees working in Lattakia City
Council. To achieve the objectives of the research, a questionnaire was designed and distributed to
(343) employees in Lattakia City Council, (315) questionnaire were complete and valid for
statistical analysis, with a response rate of (91.84%). Relying on multiple regression, the following
results were reached:
1. There is a strong inverse relationship which is statistically significant between the
elements after the containment and interdependence of (empowerment, staff development,
teamwork and participation), and a reeducation of the resistance of workers to change, wherever
after containment and coherence elements are available, there is a decline in the causes resistance
of workers to change.
2. There is strong inverse relationship that is statistically significant between the elements
after the consistency and uniformity of working (core values, agreement, coordination and
integration), and a reduction of resistance workers to change, i.e. when elements after consistency
and homogeneity are availed, they lead to a decline in the causes of workers resistance to change.
3. There is strong inverse relationship which is statistically significant between the elements
of the human aspects (respect and appreciation, justice, encouragement achievement, and social
welfare), and the reeducation of workers resistance to change, i.e., whenever there are elements of
the human aspects, there is a decline of the causes of workers resistance to change.
4. There is strong inverse relationship which is statistically significant between the elements
after the organizational climate of (administrative practices, rewards, communications, and
surveillance system), and the reduction of workers resistance to change, i.e., wherever after the
organizational climate elements are available, there is a decline in the causes of workers resistance
to change.
The research aims to identify the role of organizational culture in reducing resistance to change of the employees through a study of the relationship between the dimensions of the organizational culture, and the reasons of resistance change by emplo
yees working in Lattakia City Council. To achieve the objectives of the research, a questionnaire was designed and distributed to (343) employees in Lattakia City Council, (315) questionnaire were complete and valid for statistical analysis, with a response rate of (91.84%). Relying on multiple regression, the following results were reached: 1. There is a strong inverse relationship which is statistically significant between the elements after the containment and interdependence of (empowerment, staff development, teamwork and participation), and a reeducation of the resistance of workers to change, wherever after containment and coherence elements are available, there is a decline in the causes resistance of workers to change.2. There is strong inverse relationship that is statistically significant between the elements after the consistency and uniformity of working (core values, agreement, coordination and integration), and a reduction of resistance workers to change, i.e. when elements after consistency and homogeneity are availed, they lead to a decline in the causes of workers resistance to change.3. There is strong inverse relationship which is statistically significant between the elements of the human aspects (respect and appreciation, justice, encouragement achievement, and social welfare), and the reeducation of workers resistance to change, i.e., whenever there are elements of the human aspects, there is a decline of the causes of workers resistance to change.4. There is strong inverse relationship which is statistically significant between the elements after the organizational climate of (administrative practices, rewards, communications, and surveillance system), and the reduction of workers resistance to change, i.e., wherever after the organizational climate elements are available, there is a decline in the causes of workers resistance to change.
