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دراسات في التاريخ الأوربي المعاصر
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Created by
Taliah Al Sayyah
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يعتبر تاريخ أوربا المعاصر الذي يشكل امتداداً للتاريخ الأوربي الحديث أحد المحاور الرئيسة في دراسة تاريخ العالم المعاصر , لكون هذا التاريخ نواة أساسية لفهم التاريخ العالمي المعاصر , و لإنعكاس الأحداث التاريخية و التطورات الاقتصادية و الاجتماعية و الفكرية الأوربية على غالبية دول العالم . إن غاية هذه الدراسة هي إلقاء الضوء على فترة تاريخية هامة من تاريخ أوربا لافتقار المكتبة العربية لدراسة أكاديمية تحدد المعالم الأساسية للتاريخ الأوربي المعاصر . يغطي الكتاب فترة زمنية تبدأ بالثورة الفرنسية عام 1789 م - نقطة التحول الهامة في تاريخ العالم بشكل عام و في التاريخ الأوربي على وجه الخصوص - و تنتهي بنهاية الحرب العالمية الثانية عام 1945 م و التي تعود أهميتها لشمولها و امتدادها إلى أكثر دول العالم و لنتائجها الهامة التي لا تزال تؤثر في تطور الأحداث التاريخية العالمية اليوم . و تعد المرحلة المدروسة من أغنى المراحل التاريخية بالأحداث و التطورات الدولية , لأن العالم اليوم لا يزال يعيش نتائجها .
The history of modern Europe, which is an extension of modern European history, is one of the main axes in the study of the history of the contemporary world. This history is a fundamental nucleus for understanding contemporary world history and the reflection of historical events and European economic, social and intellectual developments on the majority of the world. The purpose of this study is to shed light on an important historical period in the history of Europe because of the lack of an Arab library to study an academy that defines the basic features of contemporary European history. The book covers a period of time beginning with the French Revolution of 1789 - the important turning point in the history of the world in general and in European history in particular - ending at the end of the Second World War in 1945, which is important for its coverage and extension to the world's most important Which continue to affect the development of world historical events today. The studied phase is one of the richest historical stages in international events and developments, because the world today is still living its results.
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The Renaissance represents the period of transition from the Middle Ages to the modern era. There were many opinions on the meaning of the Renaissance. Those interested in the arts mean the Renaissance in the fields of photography, sculpture and arch
itecture, where art is freed from the constraints of the Middle Ages. As for those interested in literature and philosophy, they have an intellectual revolution that began with the discovery of ancient manuscripts, the advancement of philology and the taste of poetry. As for scientists, Renaissance is the latest discoveries and progress in the fields of science. One of the most important scientific discoveries is the discovery of the solar system and its rotation around the Earth by the astronomer Nicholas Compernicus (1473-1543) and the Italian scientist Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642). The anatomy was presented by Vesalius 1514-1564 AD, William Harvey (1578 - 1658 AD) The Arab physician Ibn Sina had referred (to the basics of blood circulation in the body before). Those interested in political science and political history saw that the Renaissance had begun with the deterioration of the system of feudalism, the emergence of modern unified states on the basis of nationalism, the rise of monarchy, ecclesiastical authority, the decline of the papacy and the emergence of popular freedom. It should be noted that the Renaissance movement is not limited to a particular branch of human knowledge, although each of the previous interpretations has importance and value. The rise in general is the changes in human behavior and thinking in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries as a result of the growth of the human mind. These changes included all aspects of life and affected them. The interest of the people is no longer confined to other life, but they began to care about the world around them indifferent to other life . The Europeans gradually rejected the ecclesiastical teachings and went back to the ancient Greek and Roman books, to the original Arab-Muslim books or the Arabic books translated from the Greek and began to study them, as well as the study of the Bible. They began to look at the ancient heritage books, where they were able to learn about the Arab and European civilizations that flourished before the advent of Christianity and began to compare them with medieval civilization. This enabled them to open up to unfamiliar new trends at the time, such as looking at human life as an end in itself, It is therefore necessary to respect the individual self and to recognize his rights and freedoms, because man is not incapable of nature, but is able to reveal its secrets and resolve the issues facing it.
to know the science of westernism whose features appeared in contemporary Arab thought by the thinker Hassen Hanafi, and contribution in its development via identifying its features first; "and to criticize it Second." is today considered to
be a must, but rather urgent "to avoid having fallen in the limit of an Arab civilized identity which is convulsive and rejecting the other through a predetermined judgment and a textual thought which is undebatable and not less difficult than the undebntability and darkness of the fundament alist salafi mind that forbids diligence, rationality and development. The research deals with the needs to form the science of westernism as per the arab ego to be pure and free from western colonial cultural orientalism indirectly, being far from reaction as centeralized on the axis of self-arrogance towards uprising arab scientific thought whose concern is to keep abreast of the world and go into history with keeping up the ego safe and secure, through analyzing the phenomenon of western superiority and detecting the keys of power and its reasons to find why we are fused in the western civilization. This is to stop being fascinated excessively by that, to get rid of that or to lessen the duality of south and north or arabs and the western to get to a state of international participation in making the pillars of civilization, and to stop being annexed to the west and taking with no return. Not doing that, the picture of the arab and the muslim will not be corrected for themselves first and for the world second. Thus, this research is an attempt to focus on the leading role of arabs and muslims to have a thought mechanism, not pragmatic but scientific to keep abreast of history force with no clash or being annexed, so it should be noted that orientalism is a thought that stands on the opposite bank of the westernized thought . today, the west is especially fully ready to get any Arabic text to criticize it, including America, and to criticize its racism in order to be considered as serving their centrality in an attempt to make arab drain purchased especially those who think of the arab Islamic identity to have them work for their mythodology because this colonialism is not pure coincidence, but it is based on hardworking pursuit in avery tireless way.
The research aims to identify the social concepts and the
extent of their availability in the contents of the History Book
of the Seventh Grade _ The Basic Education-in Syrian Arab
Republic.
The research has adopted the descriptive approach. The
researcher has used a content analysis from prepared by
himself. He has made certain that the form is authentic and
steady by means of the accredited scientific methods.
The sample research is represented by the contents of the
History Book of the seventh Grade_The Basic Education in
the Syrian Arab Republic, 2016/2017 edition.
Recent research has documented that results reported in frequently-cited authorship attribution papers are difficult to reproduce. Inaccessible code and data are often proposed as factors which block successful reproductions. Even when original mater
ials are available, problems remain which prevent researchers from comparing the effectiveness of different methods. To solve the remaining problems---the lack of fixed test sets and the use of inappropriately homogeneous corpora---our paper contributes materials for five closed-set authorship identification experiments. The five experiments feature texts from 106 distinct authors. Experiments involve a range of contemporary non-fiction American English prose. These experiments provide the foundation for comparable and reproducible authorship attribution research involving contemporary writing.
This research Tackles Ricour's perspective of the willingness to forget and the
ability of memoey to step ahead the idea if past representation and looking into it as it is
one future project. This future which enables humans to recall and forget,
forgive and
tolerate .all of this is done under what's called by Ricour" the able ego". Afterwards, it
reaches a happy memory where by forgetfulness is one image out of many stored in the
memory. According to this, the research discusses the beginning of relation ship between
history and memory as it is perceived by Ricour, one of interrelation then it discusses the
relation of memory and language via its narratives. Narrative, according to Ricour, is
means which people use to express their unforgettable past experience, that they need to
resurrect the past via narrating and legislating it in stories. Then, it proceeds to handle the
idea of willingness to forget and the relation which links forgetfulness to memory, which is
one holistic relation, according to Ricour. This means that there is no forgetfulness without
recalling and vice versa. Despit that, as perceived by Ricour, memory has always been
living in confusion/ hesitation. In other word, you hesitate as to what to recall and what to
forget. This has forced or led this research of memory as it is one future project as Ricour
assures.it finally concludes with some findings that we sought to have in regards to
Ricour's perspective regarding this issus.
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