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Register a new userThe international protection for outer space environment
الحمايّة الدّوليّة لبيئة الفضاء الخارجي
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تسبب النشاط البشري في مجال استكشاف و استخدام الفضاء الخارجي بانتقال ظاهرة التلوث إلى هذه البيئة، التي باتت غنية بشتى الاستخدامات المدنية و التجارية و العلمية. و قد تنبه المجتمع الدّولي إلى ضرورة حماية هذه البيئة من مخاطر التلوث المحيطة بها من خلال عدد من المعاهدات الدّوليّة، كاتفاقية الخطر الجزئي للتجارب النووية لعام 1963 (اتفاقية موسكو) و اتفاقية حظر استخدام تقنيات التغيير في البيئة لأغراض عسكرية أو لأية أغراض عدائية أخرى لعام 1976 و معاهدة المبادئ الناظمة لاستكشاف و استخدام الفضاء الخارجي لعام 1967 ، و على الرغم من إقرار هذه المعاهدات لجملةٍ من المبادئ القانونية الناظمة للأنشطة البشرية في الفضاء لخارجي بشكل يكفل نوعاً من الحمايّة البيئية للفضاء الخارجي، و لكن ذلك لم يلغ الحاجة الملحة لوجود آلية دولية تعني اساساً بالجانب البيئي المتعلق باستخدام الفضاء الخارجي، و تكفل الحمايّة الفعالة و الكافية لهذه البيئة من خلال وضع قواعد و أسس قانونية ملزمة تنظم استخدامها بالشكل الأمثل، مما يحافظ على هذه البيئة و يبعد عنها شبح التلوث.
Human activity in exploitation and discover outer space caused transfer pollution phenomenon to this environment which become rich in various scientific, commercial, and civilization uses. International community be aware of necessity protection for this environment from surrounded pollution risks by many international treaties like Limited Test Ban Treaty of 1963 (Moscow convention), and risk convention use changes techniques in environment for military purpose or any other hostile purpose 1976 and international legal regime regulating environmental aspects of outer space. This treaties deal with outer space environment protection subject from pollution and necessity provide required protection for continuance outer activity. But this convention in spite of approval many legal regime regulating human activity in outer space . and if guarantee a kind of environmental protection for outer space but that does not cancel urgent needed to presence international process, care basically in environmental aspect related use this endangered environment in great risk maybe impede space the process should guarantee effective and adequate protection for environment to outer space and guarantee uses by perfect way which preserves environment and excluded pollution ghost .
References used
Dr. Diederiks – Verschoor. Dr. V. Kopal: An Introduction to Space Law, Third Revised Edition: Walters Kluwer, Kluwer Law International BV, The Netherland; 2008
Xue Hangin: Transboundary Damage in International Law, Cambridge University Press, New York, United States of America, 2009
Eliene M. Galloway: Article IX of the Outer Space Treaty, Data Sharing and Space Situational Awareness, Theresa Hitchens Director, UNIDIR, Dec. 2, 2010, P. 4, available at: www.spacelaw.olemiss.edulevents/pdfs/2010/gal/oway-hitchenspresentation - 2010-pdf
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يشمل الفضاء الطباعي "النَّصي" طريقة تصميم الغلاف, و وضع المطالع و الخواتيم, و تنظيم الفصول, و تشكيل العنوانات... و غيرها. و هو يفتح أفقاً تأويلياً للبحوث الأدبية, كهذا البحث الذي يحاول إظهار أهميَّة الأثر الكتابي من نوع الخط, و الألوان, و النسق التتا
بعي, و البياض, و السواد, و تصميم الصفحة, في إذكاء خيال المتلقي.
و يؤكد البحث أن عملية اختيار العنوان هي أعقل مرحلة يمر بها صاحب النَّص, و لقد احتلَّ مكانة خاصة في ساحات الإبداع الأدبي, مما جعل الحاجة ملحَّة لوضع علم خاص به, و مستقل, هو "علم العنونة".
و يأتي هذا البحث بوصفه محاولة في قراءة كتاب "سيَّاف الزهور" لمحمد الماغوط باستخدام كل تلك الأدوات الإجرائية, مع محاولة التقيد بحدود ما تسمح به اللياقة الأدبيَّة, و المعرفة السليمة المبنيَّة على ما يقوله النَّص, فلا يجبره على ما ليس فيه.
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external auditor of concerned financial data.
Therefore ,he will be re
sponsible towards those parties legally, professionally and
morally ,and must act in accordance with professional work level (standards),and the rules
and ethics of professional conduct.
In Syria ,the checker works in the field of accounting and auditing ,according to Act
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extent of the use of auditors in Syria of the international auditing standard no./570/related
to the continuity of the establishment in its work ,and the presence of essential doubt in its
capacity to continue and the suitability of these indicators with specified indicators in the
above cited standard.
This research work also aims to identify the additional audit procedures followed by
the auditors in the event of the presence of certain circumstances that may affect the
continuity of the business, and the suitability of these specific actions mentioned in the
standard.
The research found that the most important indicators that help auditors assess the
continuity of the establishment, in case there is significant doubt about the ability of the
establishment under consideration to continue, are as follows: the presence of frequent
financial losses, an increase in current liabilities to current assets, delayed distribution of
profits for a number of years. Thus, The most important additional audit procedures carried
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