Subscribe to the gold package and get unlimited access to Shamra Academy
Register a new userMogul European Communications between the years ( 643/650) AH _(1245/1253)AD The aim and the reasons of failure
الاتصالات الأوروبية المغولية بين عامي (643-650هـ / 1245- 1253م) الهدف و أسباب الإخفاق
1159
1 54
0
(
0
)
Added by
Tishreen University ورقة بحثية
Publication date
2017
fields
History
and research's language is
العربية
Authors
أسامة مهنا( باحث )
Created by
Shamra Editor
Ask ChatGPT about the research
يلقي البحث الضوء على محاولة البابوية التحالف مع المغول و التي كانت تهدف إلى تحقيق غايتين أساسيتين هما: تطويق العالم الإسلامي، و نشر المسيحية بين المغول كسباً لهم من جهة، و اتقاءً لشرهم من جهة أخرى. ففي الوقت الذي يهاجم به المغول بغداد يقوم الصليبيون بمهاجمة مصر، و في سبيل تحقيق ذلك، قامت البابوية بإرسال السفارات المتتالية، و التي بدأت بسفارة يوحنا الكاربيني، تلاها بعثة أندريه لونجو، ثم بعثة أنسليم أسيلين. كان مضمون الرسائل، التي حملتها هذه السفارات، يشير إلى الدعوة إلى اعتناق المسيحية، و إحلال السلام بين الأوروبيين و المغول. لكن رد المغول كان مخيباً للأمالهم؛ إذ طلبوا من البابا و ملوك أوروبا الحضور شخصياً، و تقديم فروض الطاعة و الولاء لهم. و على الرغم من ذلك، لم يقتصر أمر هذه السفارات على السلطة الدينية (البابوية)، بل انتقل إلى السلطة السياسية فقد أبدى الملك لويس التاسع رغبة كبيرة في التحالف مع المغول، و يرسل سفاراته لهذه الغاية، و التي لم تأت بشي جديد سوى أنها أكدت للبابوية و لويس أن فكرة التحالف مع المغول، في تلك المرحلة، شيء مستحيل في ظل السياسة التي اتبعها المغول مع جميع سكان العالم؛ إما الخضوع و إما الحرب.
This paper presents the papal attempt to ally with the Mongols who aimed to achieve two basic objectives: surround the Islamic world and spread the Christianity among the Mongols in order to attract them on one hand and prevent their malice on the other. At the time the Mongols are attacking Baghdad, the Crusaders can attack Egypt. In order to achieve that, the papal authority sent many reconciliations that began with John Alcaerbini reconciliation followed by Andrei Lunga mission then Anselmo Ocelin mission. The content of the messages of those reconciliations was the call to follow the Christianity and to prevail peace between the Europeans and the Mongols, but the reaction of the Mongols was disappointing because they asked the Pope and the King's of Europe to attend by themselves and show their loyalty and obedience to them. However, these reconciliations were not only restricted to the religious authority (the papacy), but also moved to the political side, by the King Louis IX showing a great desire in allying with the Mongols and sending several reconciliations to achieve it. But in vain, because it only assured to the papal authority and the King Louis that the idea of alliance with the Mongols at that period was impossible in the policy that the Mongols followed with all the world's population: either by obedience or by war.
References used
ATIYA, A. S. the Crusade in the later Middle Ages. London, 1938
HOWORTH, H. History of the Mongols from the 9 th. To the 19 th century. London, 1927
أمين ، محمد: الغزو المغولي لديار الإسلام ، الأوائل، ط 1 ، دمشق ، 2005 .
rate research
Read More
Sahl Al-Ghab zone is characterized by the availability of natural and human
appropriate conditions for the cultivation of cotton, and it's one of the most desired
agricultural crops for export, in addition to the big need for local textile mills wi
th both of
its public and private sectors, and it's also one of the strategic and social crops. However,
between 2005-2013, cotton cultivation fell back in this region to be replaced mainly by
wheat in addition to other crops, and the main reasons for this decline is that there is no
proportionality between the price of cotton and production costs, as the price of the
kilogram of cotton rose from 31 S.P in 2005 to 100 S.P in 2013, while the price of the liter
of diesel – the main factor in the cultivation of cotton – rose from 25 S.P in 2005 to 60 S.P
in 2013.
Through this research, We knew the reasons for the decrement of cotton cultivation
in Sahl Al-Ghab zone and choosing the wheat and nothing else to replace it, especially that
wheat cultivation didn't achieve better economic returns of cotton.
On the contrary, it had negative results in terms of non-application of the agricultural
cycle and the spread of diseases such as wheat rust disease that spreaded in Sahl Al-Ghab
zone in the last years and which reflected negatively on production.
The European integrative experience is a unique experience, both in terms of the
circumstances of its establishment, or founding member states, or integrative successes that
have been achieved in a never before achieved by any economic bloc, region
al or
international integration in modern and contemporary history.
Thus, this study focus on European integrative experience in terms of integrative
successes that have been achieved, and the most important factors which helpthe
memberstates of the European Integrative process to deepen their integration both
horizontally and vertically, and help them in facing the current challenges and strengthen
the EU's position in the international arena.
This research was based on the study of two records of the Sharia Court in Damascus, and they are kept in the Directorate of Historical Documents in Damascus under (4/3/2) and / 268 /. The first record includes the cases recorded in this court in the
year 1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1795, and contains (130) documents distributed on (72) pages of the average measurement, and begins with document number (1) In the middle of Jumada II 1210 AH, and ends with document No. (0 3 1) on page (72), which was partially damaged but the document was not completed with the end of the page, so its history is not known. The penultimate document and its number (129) are found on page 71.
The second record (37 1) contains a document, and begins with document No. (1) dated Jumada II (224 AH), and ends with the penultimate document - the last document is incomplete and undated - dated Ramadan 1224 AH. However, the documents are not limited to the months mentioned But rather beyond the other months of the year. The documents studied differ in terms of the line and the safety of the papers on which they were written. We have been intercepted by many documents written in a rather illegible handwriting. Some of the records have been eroded, but it is noted that all the documents are not keen on the grammar of the language, and include general words, and similar to the method of construction in general literature era of decay.
The main objective of this research is to evaluate the readiness of private and public universities to achieve the European accreditation. This is done through: highlighting the importance of accreditation to Syrian universities and their ability to
achieve it, identifying their strengths and weaknesses in meeting the European accreditation criteria, and comparing the main difeerences between private and public universities with regard to accreditation.
This research aimed at determining the reality of the partnership between Russia and the European Union during the period 2000-2019, the extent of the relationship of GDP to foreign trade and the degree of economic openness. The descriptive and analy
tical approach has been relied on in the analysis of Russia's tools and policy towards trade exchange and partnership with the European Union. Where the data of GDP, exports and imports, and the trade balance was relied upon to calculate the average annual increase, the average growth rate and the degree of economic exposure. The most important conclusions were Russia’s endeavor to build a partnership with the European Union based on joint cooperation and dealing with issues of security and common neighborhood, promoting and diversifying trade exchanges, and that the Russian economy is not exposed to the European economy. The most important recommendations were represented in the necessity of Russia diversifying its exports to European markets and not relying solely on the export of oil and natural gas.
Log in to be able to interact and post comments
comments
Fetching comments
Sign in to be able to follow your search criteria
