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Register a new userدور الأمم المتحدة في بناء السلام
1972
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Damascus University ورقة بحثية
Publication date
2010
fields
Law
and research's language is
العربية
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Shamra Editor
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هدف هذا البحث إلى إلقاء الضوء على دور منظمة الأمم المتحدة في بناء السلام، فبدأ بتعريف مفهوم بناء السلام و بيان المتغيرات الدولية التي أدت إلى ظهوره و النقاط الرئيسية التي تميز بينه و بين بعض المفاهيم المشابهة له و التي ترتبط بالسلم و الأمن الدوليين، لينتقل بعد ذلك إلى تحديد نطاق تطبيق ترتيبات بناء السلام، سواء النطاق الزمني أم النطاق الموضوعي، لينتهي بعد ذلك إلى التعريف بأجهزة الأمم المتحدة الفرعية التي نشأت لتمارس من خلالها هذه المهمة و بيان طبيعة دور الأمم المتحدة في ميدان بناء السلام.
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References used
http://www.unpbf.org/funding.shtml
http://www.unpbf.org/pledges.shtml
United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Principles and Guidelines, United Nations
د. ياسر الحويش، مبدأ عدم التدخل واتفاقيات تحرير التجارة العالمية، رسالة دكتوراه، جامعة عين . شمس، 2001
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The problem of asylum and enforced displacement has become one of the major challenges defining the features of the 21st Century. The unjust dis-tribution of resources, economic crises, and high levels of unemployment are no longer the primary causes
of the widely spread phenomenon of immigra-tion, rather, it is caused by the noticeable increase of wars, international con-flicts and political crises, as well as their multilateral effects of oppression, poverty, exploitation and insecurity.
The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has expressed this reality in a statement made on September 07, 2011, when he said: “We live in difficult times. Political crises are multiplying where we least expect them. Unpredictability became the name of the game.”
The failure of the international community to bring many of the existing conflicts to an end and to avoid the eruption of other ones, has lead the in-stability situation to continue in so many places throughout the world. This has forced hundreds of thousands of individuals to leave their homelands. The figures are striking; by the end of 2017, the number of refugees and asy-lum seekers exceeded 65 million.
With the changed nature of crises, their expanded range and prolonged duration, in addition to the limited available resources and capacities, the failure to meet the increasing needs of refugees and the States’ increasing fears of terrorism, the world community and international organizations started to look for effective tools to improve crisis response systems and use new technologies in a way that ensures the refugees living in dignity and se-curity in countries of asylum instead of approaching them as a burden and a crisis that must be dealt with.
Here appears the role of bio measurements technology as an important tool to respond to refuge crises, including the management of such crises; first, by organizing the life of refugees and granting them ID cards in order to enable them to enjoy their basic rights in countries of asylum and then by changing that to an opportunity for development by working with them to develop their skills and know-how, so that they have access to safe and sus-tainable means of living, especially under the lack of economic and education opportunities and the strict policies applied against them. This must be the case until they manage to return voluntarily to their countries of origin. The human miracle always materializes in post destruction phases. The history proves that investment in human beings is the most effective way to achieve development and reduce the time needed by a country to rise again and that the more a country is destroyed, the bigger is its opportunity for reconstruc-tion.
Based on that and as UNHCR is the agency in charge of organizing the conditions of refugees in countries of asylum and finding durable solutions for them, it registered Syrian refugees in the neighboring countries based on their biometric data. Giving them identities and documenting their events properly is the first step on the long road to solve most of the problems they face both in countries of asylum or when they return home. This includes the problems of documenting personal status events and increases the countries of asylum’s confidence in UNHCR’s systems through confronting the rele-vant challenges and worries, such as faking identities, fraud, counterfeiting, etc. At the same time, these data are hoped to facilitate the return of Syrian refugees to their county when the conditions and circumstances allow such return.
Resources of marine environment are suffering from over-exploitation by Flags of
Convenience vessels; which refer to vessels registered in foreign countries known as Open
Registry countries. These countries usually do not fulfill the obligations in
cumbent upon
them as flag states towards the vessels flying their flags, in an attempt to attract more
registries. They, inter alia, adopt loose enforcement measures against illegal activities by
their vessels, and do not monitor the working conditions on board those vessels.
This situation is of a bad effect on both marine environment and worker’s rights on
board flag of convenience vessels. Therefore, it is important to cast light on the
mechanisms included in the United Nations Law of the Sea Convention 1982 regarding
this problem, and to assess their effectiveness.
يعد التزام البائع بتسليم الشيء المبيع الالتزام الأكثر أهمية من بين التزاماته الأخرى، هذا الالتزام و تطبيقاته المتعددة منصوص عليه في المواد من 30 حتى نهاية 35 من اتفاقية فيينا للبيع الدولي للمنقولات العينية. أما النظام القانوني المطبق على البائع في حا
ل إخلاله بتنفيذ التزاماته بتسليم المبيع محدد في المواد من 45 حتى نهاية 52 . في حين أن المادة 30 ذكرت التزامين للبائع و هما
الالتزام بتسليم الشيء المبيع و الالتزام بتسليم المستندات. و لكن هذا لا يمنع أن يكون للبائع التزامات أخرى تتفرع عن الالتزام بالتسليم، كالتزامه بنقل البضائع و التأمين عليها و غيرها من المسائل الفرعية المتعلقة بالتسليم.
أما بالنسبة إلى المشتري فقد منحته الاتفاقية الوسائل من أجل المطالبة بحقوقه في حال إخلال البائع بتنفيذ التزامه بالتسليم؛ إذ بإمكانه اللجوء إلى طريق الفسخ في الحالة التي يشكل فيها إخلال البائع بالتسليم مخالفة جوهرية، أو سلوك طريق التنفيذ العيني و إصلاح العيب و استبدال البضاعة، أو
اللجوء أخيراً إلى إنقاص الثمن.
Conditional text generation often requires lexical constraints, i.e., which words should or shouldn't be included in the output text. While the dominant recipe for conditional text generation has been large-scale pretrained language models that are f
inetuned on the task-specific training data, such models do not learn to follow the underlying constraints reliably, even when supervised with large amounts of task-specific examples. We propose NeuroLogic Decoding, a simple yet effective algorithm that enables neural language models -- supervised or not -- to generate fluent text while satisfying complex lexical constraints. Our approach is powerful yet efficient. It handles any set of lexical constraints that is expressible under predicate logic, while its asymptotic runtime is equivalent to conventional beam search. Empirical results on four benchmarks show that NeuroLogic Decoding outperforms previous approaches, including algorithms that handle a subset of our constraints. Moreover, we find that unsupervised models with NeuroLogic Decoding often outperform supervised models with conventional decoding, even when the latter is based on considerably larger networks. Our results suggest the limit of large-scale neural networks for fine-grained controllable generation and the promise of inference-time algorithms.
دور البرنامج الإنمائي للأمم المتحدة في الإصلاح الإداري في سوريا: تم أخذ عينة مكونة من مائة وخمسين مفردة من القيادات في المستويات الإدارية والعليا والإشرافية
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