Translationese in Russian Literary Texts

The paper reports the results of a translationese study of literary texts based on translated and non-translated Russian. We aim to find out if translations deviate from non-translated literary texts, and if the established differences can be attributed to typological relations between source and target languages. We expect that literary translations from typologically distant languages should exhibit more translationese, and the fingerprints of individual source languages (and their families) are traceable in translations. We explore linguistic properties that distinguish non-translated Russian literature from translations into Russian. Our results show that non-translated fiction is different from translations to the degree that these two language varieties can be automatically classified. As expected, language typology is reflected in translations of literary texts. We identified features that point to linguistic specificity of Russian non-translated literature and to shining-through effects. Some of translationese features cut across all language pairs, while others are characteristic of literary translations from languages belonging to specific language families.

تطور العلاقات الأطلسية- الروسية بعد انتهاء الحرب الباردة

The unexpected and rapid collapse of the Soviet Union has had significant implications for both the international and regional balance of power. The United State has devised a new formulation for its national security concept. This new strategy saw the need to overcome the geographical boundaries and then came the second Gulf war to represent an opportunity for the US to implement its vision of working unilaterally and combating any potential hegemon even from the European allies. For its part, Russia has endeavoured to reconstruct its relations with the world, especially with its neighbours, former allies and yesterday's enemy of the liberal West, and also to restructure its foreign policy, opening up to the West and deal with it on the basis of common interests, and dismantling Warsaw pact to enter into a new security project.

The development of Russian relations - Iran's post-Cold War

Russian-Iranian relations began crystallize and expand significantly after the end of the Cold War and the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991, but these relations seemed cautious in the beginning, despite the existence of common interests between both countries represented to strengthen Iran's military and economic capabilities, Russia considered as a supportive partner in this field, in addition to nuclear cooperation where Russia was the only country that has not been subject to pressure from the United States and accepted the signing of the contract for the establishment of the Iranian nuclear reactor, In contrast, Russia has considered these relationships an opportunity to improve its economy, which suffered a strong tremor after the disintegration of the Soviet Union.

The Reality Of The Russian-European Partnership During The Period 2000-2019

This research aimed at determining the reality of the partnership between Russia and the European Union during the period 2000-2019, the extent of the relationship of GDP to foreign trade and the degree of economic openness. The descriptive and analytical approach has been relied on in the analysis of Russia's tools and policy towards trade exchange and partnership with the European Union. Where the data of GDP, exports and imports, and the trade balance was relied upon to calculate the average annual increase, the average growth rate and the degree of economic exposure. The most important conclusions were Russia’s endeavor to build a partnership with the European Union based on joint cooperation and dealing with issues of security and common neighborhood, promoting and diversifying trade exchanges, and that the Russian economy is not exposed to the European economy. The most important recommendations were represented in the necessity of Russia diversifying its exports to European markets and not relying solely on the export of oil and natural gas.