Modern and future optical networks rely on wavelength divisional multiplexing
technology, it was necessary to developed the whole network elements to keep up with the
increasing need to offer a wide band and a very short time delay and high reliabi
lity, and
replacement of electro optic equipment with optical equipment.
Optical amplifiers have taken an important part in this evolution, and the Raman amplifier
(RAMAN) had a great deal of attention, for its high gain and flattened gain.
In this paper, we have examined the effect of both fiber parameters and pump parameters
on the performance of Raman optical amplifier in terms of gain and bandwidth and the
used pump power.
This research demonstrated the effect of multi pump on this amplifier performance and its
flattening and bandwidth, and we reached a flattening gain on a wide bandwidth.
The simulation was done by using MATLAB and OPTISYSTEM program based on the
mathematical equations that describe the amplifier model for 1450nm-1650nm bandwidth.
In this paper, we present a system design of the photovoltaic
pumping to provide electrical and economic comparison between
two different energy supply systems: the first depends on the PV
panels, and the second depending on the public grid. farm area
study in the eastern countryside of Homs with the aim to supply
water for irrigation and drinking.
The research study scenarios water hammer problem that may cause the destruction
of the irrigation pipes, pumping stations and equipmen and part of the irrigation project in
terms Ain Beida and its environs in the north-eastern city of Latakia, whe
re the project
seeks to quench 5,000 hectares of land with water pumped from Lake Dam November 16
occurrence . It consists of four pumping stations in addition to major irrigation systems and
irrigation systems subsidiary. Used in these stations pipes made of steel (Steel) , The
reservoir project's main reservoir is two.
Bently and Water CAD V8 XM Edition we have in this research with the help of the
CD-networking program
Modeling of these stations to save time and effort in the study, are HAMMER V8
XM Edition
Determine Adhamiya pressures and velocities in the case of runoff stable, identifying
pressures Adhamiya in the case of the flow is stable through the development scenario of a
water hammer caused by the sudden closure of the valve irreversibility thus leading larger
than the carrying capacity of pipes and fittings have a high pressure values, and put another
scenario shows the effect of non-use non-return valve in the water hammer occurs, and its
role as a good protection of them Thus leading to high pressures and dangerous far greater
than the carrying capacity of the pipe fittings values, and also used the compressed air
reservoir in the third scenario means other protection from water hammer, and we found
through Adhamiya pressures resulting values that the compressed air tank means better
protection; it has to prevent any increase in pressure values Adhamiya when water hammer
occurs, and kept her on the values that were in the case of steady flow.
We offer in this research, theory study using a modeling tool for the
possibility of improving the performance of solar pumping system
of rivers using submersible centrifugal pump with variable speed
and moving solar panels controlled by logical microcontroller
programmer (plc.).
This research aims to study the effect of the tilt angle of PV panels on the daily discharge a water pump powered by solar energy, and to determine the optimal tilt of these panels during summer months in the Syrian coast.
The results demonstrated t
hat the change of the tilt angle of PV panels from (25˚) to (35.5˚), has no effect on the curve of the solar radiation intensity and flow rate. However the resulting impact was represented by low amount of solar energy falling onto PV panels, resulting in a reduction in hydraulic energy of the pump and consequently low flow rate per day. The study showed that the amount of water flow rate at the two angels (25˚ and 22˚) for the tilt of panels was close, with preference for the angle (22˚). Reduction of water amount from one month to another during the months (June, July, August) didn't exceed (2.5%), while it was (7.5%) in September. At angle (35.5˚), water amount was approximately constant during June, July and August, while it decreased by (6%) in September. Flowing water largely decreased at angle (35.5˚) in comparison with the two angles (25˚and 22˚), so the reduction was (13, 12, 9 and 7.5%), respectively in June, July, August and September.
The research includes an analytical study of long term pumping test with observation
wells to get the optimum determination of the most important hydrogeological parameters
of confined aquifer in Banyas, by pumping from a well with average pumping
rate
10104m3/day for 36 hours and only 5 hours of complete recovery groundwater level. This
test is accompanied by measuring the variations of the groundwater levels in the
monitoring wells.
Analytical methods of steady- unsteady of groundwater flow are used to evaluate the
long term pumping test, and then to determine the optimum evaluation. The Transmissivity
of the confined aquifer is about 5000 m2/day (very high potential), and the storage
coefficient is 1,8.10-4. Then they used to predict the groundwater drawdown during one
day. So, we can get 20000 m3/day from the aquifer and the drawdown not more than 1,75
m as quasi-steady drawdown at distance 500 m from the pumping well.
The research aims to take advantage of the solar energy, as a free energy, to run a water pump powered by solar energy, and to study the effect of the intensity of solar radiation on the performance of this pump in Syrian coast conditions. This resea
rch has explained the necessary mechanism for determining the capacity of the pump and the electric PV panels required for the work of the pump and the area of these panels. Studying
the effect of intensity of solar radiation on the performance of water pump through studying the impact of pump altitude and solar radiation intensity on water flow range at experiment location. It demonstrated that the flow of the pump is going through two phases with the increasing values of solar radiation during the day. It was found that the increasing value of the flow of the pump before the value of (520W/m2) of Solar radiation was greater than that after (520W/m2) and this led to the loss of a part of the solar energy falling during the day, especially on sunny days, and the value of the loss was about (27%) of the
total amount of solar energy falling per day.
