On the Transferability of Minimal Prediction Preserving Inputs in Question Answering

Recent work (Feng et al., 2018) establishes the presence of short, uninterpretable input fragments that yield high confidence and accuracy in neural models. We refer to these as Minimal Prediction Preserving Inputs (MPPIs). In the context of question answering, we investigate competing hypotheses for the existence of MPPIs, including poor posterior calibration of neural models, lack of pretraining, and dataset bias'' (where a model learns to attend to spurious, non-generalizable cues in the training data). We discover a perplexing invariance of MPPIs to random training seed, model architecture, pretraining, and training domain. MPPIs demonstrate remarkable transferability across domains achieving significantly higher performance than comparably short queries. Additionally, penalizing over-confidence on MPPIs fails to improve either generalization or adversarial robustness. These results suggest the interpretability of MPPIs is insufficient to characterize generalization capacity of these models. We hope this focused investigation encourages more systematic analysis of model behavior outside of the human interpretable distribution of examples.

The impact of industrial demographic variables on economic sectors in Syria

This research aims at studying the relationship between the industrial demographic variables as it is one of the most important Syrian economic sectors and the most laboremployment, and the inputs of this sector in particular and the inputs of the rest of the economic sectors. A number of results were found, most notably the existence of a statistically significant relationship between the inputs of the industrial sector and the total number of workers in the industrial sector, and the relationship between these inputs and the qualitative, sectoral and educational structure of the industrial sector.

The effect of using productive inputs on the production of date farms in Wida-al Shati, Libya

This study aimed to identify the most important factors affecting dates production, in Wadi al Shati, Libya by estimating indicators of economic efficiency of the resources used to measure the impact of each of the components used in date production. The field study indicated that the most important productive inputs affecting significantly crop production (dates) were number of trees, the quantity of fertilizer, water quantity and the number of employment and expertise at different moral levlss. This has proven to be a significant variables at different moral levels. The results also showed that the elasticities of Wadi al Shati villages and the beach were positive and operating in the first phase of increased production to reach about 0.847 and reflect the return of diminishing capacity.

Improving the Efficiency of Risk Management by applying Modern Inputs on Banking Supervision: An Analytical Study of the Real Estate Bank of Syria

Despite the development of work environment at banks in the twenty-first century, and with the expansion of activities and banking operations, these banks have increasing risks (credit risk, market risk, operational risk, etc.) which in turn need to be managed more accurately and comprehensively to ensure maintaining stability, safety, and durability of the work of banks, and avoiding the risk of failure to the maximum extent possible. This requires the need to adhere to the standards of banking supervision, which is the guarantee for the safety of the banking business and using modern inputs (the internal rating input, the standard input, the Advanced Measurement input). In addition, the provisions of the requirements of quantity and quality contribute to improving the efficiency of Risk Management. In this study, the focus is on the role that modern inputs play in improving the efficiency of risk management in the Real Estate Bank of Syria, given that the Directorate of Risk Management have been updated over the past few years, they need to meet the restriction standards of banking supervision, which considers modern inputs one of its tools. This will be reflected on the development of the risk management process and achieve various fundamental changes in reducing the risks, because preventing them may not be possible considering that one aspect of which is linked to external and economic factors, and the environmental conditions surrounding the work of the bank. This study is based on the descriptive analytical method, and conducts interviews with employees in the Directorate of risks to identify the mechanism of action taken by the Directorate and what can be achieved if it depends on the application of modern inputs. This research shows that what the Directorate are doing falls within the framework of the application of the input to the internal rating, and they need to adhere to the standards of banking supervision in order to increase their efficiency in relation to various types of risks.

Agricultural Policies For Tomatoes In Syria by Using Policy Analysis Matrix ( PAM)

Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) is a modern method to analyze the polices, it is important to check the net effects of interferences government polices in all commodities affluence steps. This helps in measuring the efficiency of these polices, for achieving the main objectives, and to evaluate their effects on the producers, consumers, and the whole economy. Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) depends on the farm budget, that based on returns and costs, these cost divided to tradable inputs and domestic resources. The analysis studied two kind of tomatoes farming system, open summer tomatoes in Dara’a Directorate, and tomatoes under plastic houses in Tortuous Directorate.