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Register a new userThe Substantive Responsibility For Marine Pollution
المسؤولية الموضوعية عن التلوث البحري
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Tishreen University ورقة بحثية
Publication date
2021
fields
Law
and research's language is
العربية
Created by
Shamra Editor
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يعنى البحث في هذا المقام بتلوث البيئة البحرية الذي يعدُّ من المواضيع الحيوية التي شغلت اهتمام المجتمع الدُّولي عامةً والدُّول الساحلية خاصةً, والذي عقدت لأجله الاتفاقيات الهادفة لحماية البيئة البحرية بتبني قواعد المسؤولية الموضوعية عن الأضرار الناجمة عن حوادث التلوث البحري, والتي أثبتت بحق أنَّها الصمام القانوني لضمان حقوق الأفراد وتسهيل تعويض الأضرار الناجمة عن تلوث البيئة البحرية في حالات يعجز فيها المتضرر عن إثبات الخطأ في مواجهة المسؤول. ويهدف البحث إلى الإحاطة بأركان المسؤولية الموضوعية والآثار المترتبة على ثبوتها في ضوء الاتفاقيات الإقليمية والدُّولية التي اهتمت بموضوع تلوث البيئة البحرية. وخلص البحث إلى أنَّ إعمال قواعد المسؤولية الموضوعية يحقق حماية أكبر للمتضررين إذا ما روعيت مدة التقادم المسقط لدعوى التعويض لمصلحة المتضرر, لاسيما وأنَّ بعض الاتفاقيات لا تراعي خصوصية الأضرار البيئية المتراخية الظهور بالتالي ضياع حق المتضرر في التعويض نتيجة فوات الوقت.
The Research In This Regard Is Concerned With Pollution Of The Marine Environment, Which Is One Of The Vital Topics That Have Occupied The Attention Of The International Community In General and Coastal States In Particular, For Which The Conventions Aimed At ProtectingThe Marine Environment Were Concluded By Adopting The Rules Of Substantive Responsibility For Damages Resulting From Marine Pollution Accidents, Which Has Proved To Be The Legal Valve To Guarantee Individuals' Rights And Facilitating Compensation For Damages Resulting FromPollution Of TheMarine Environment In Cases Where AggrievedIs Unable To Prove Fault In The Face Of Responsible. The Research aims To Briefing By PillarsOf Substantive Responsibility And The Implications Of establishing It In The Light Of International And Regional Conventions That Concern The Issue Of Pollution Of The Marine Environment.The Research concluded That The Implementation Of The Substantive Responsibility Rules will Achieve Greater Protection For Those AffectedIf The Period Of Limitation Extinguished For The Compensation Lawsuit Is Taken Into Account In The Interest Of Aggrieved, Especially Since Some Conventions Don’t TakeInto Account That The Environmental DamageIs Slow To Emerge, Thus Losing The Right Of Aggrieved To Compensation Due To The Lapse Of Time
References used
JACQUELINE, M.Le Droit De L' Environnent, 8 E`me Edition, Que Sais-Je, Presses Universitaires De France, Paris, 2010,128.
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The substantive constraints of privatization initially deal with the question of
whether a certain privatization is constitutionally permitted in the first place, or not,
because many countries like France, protect the public services by the provis
ions of
the constitution, and It is a common feature of constitutional texts that they include
provisions defining the main branches of government - the executive, the legislature
and the judiciary - and these provisions may be interpreted, that it would not be
possible to completely privatize this functions.
The beginning of the second half of the twentieth century witnessed the beginning of a new stage in the development of the global economy, as this stage was marked by the emergence of the so-called international production. The factors affecting the
production process are no longer confined within a single country, but rather have extensions outside the borders of the state.
Indeed, the concept of the global economy has become a substitute for the concept of the national economy, after the principle of freedom of trade and industry prevailed, despite the existence of some exceptions, but these exceptions do not make trade and industry a privilege or a monopoly of the state only, but rather countries have been racing to provide guarantees for companies and institutions that She invests in her country to develop her economy.
In these circumstances, the so-called corporate group system appeared, where empowering the legal person to own shares and shares, such as individuals in other companies and managing them accordingly, has a major impact on the establishment of giant companies, which consist of a company called the parent company that contributes to other companies called The nascent or subsidiary companies are subject to it, where the parent company owns a percentage of the capital of the company or nascent companies in a way that achieves control over this company or companies, despite the independence of each company legally from the parent company, that is, there is an economic unit for the group, if the parent company is a member Dominant in the board of directors of the subsidiary company or the owner of the majority of its capital, it has full control over the nascent company, so that the parent company can direct the subsidiary to serve its interests, and in return the parent company becomes responsible for the debts of the company or subsidiaries, and bear the consequences of its bankruptcy.
This phenomenon has emerged on the domestic and international levels. On the internal level, it is called the holding company, and at the international level, it has been called several names, including the multinational company, or multi-nationalities, or companies that cross national borders.
المسؤولية الجنائية للذكاء الاصطناعي
تتمثل أهمية هذه الدراسة في أهمية موضوعها الجديد والحيوي، وهو المسؤولية الجنائية الناتجة عن أخطاء الذكاء الاصطناعي في التشريع الإماراتي "دراسة مقارنة"، فعلى امتداد الخمسين سنة الماضية تضافرت الجهود العالمية في عدد
من الميادين، كالفلسفة والقانون وعلم النفس وعلم المنطق والرياضيات، وعلم الأحياء وغيرها من العلوم، ومنذ سنوات بدأت هذه الجهود تحصد من ثمارها وظهرت إلى الوجود تطبيقات مذهلة للذكاء الاصطناعي، وهذا ما دفع دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة لاستحداث وزارة للذكاء الاصطناعي وعلوم المستقبل، فهذه الخطوة تُضاف إلى سجل الإمارات الحافل بكل ما هو جديد في الثقافة والعلوم وغيرها من المجالات، فالإمارات سبّاقة في البحث وجلب أي أفكار جديدة أو عالمية وتطبيقها، والهدف من ذلك هو الارتقاء بالعمل الإداري. لأن اعتماد الإدارة على الذكاء الاصطناعي يساعدها على التكيف مع التغيرات المتلاحقة، ويساعدها أيضاً على مواجهة التحديات المتعددة والمختلفة، وبالتالي تحقيق الميزة التنافسية التي تسعى الإدارة إلى تحقيقها.
Responsibility, generally speaking, is deemed as one of the
most important foundations of the human life since it governs most
of the relations between the members of a community. The present
study highlights the role of legal responsibility of th
e public
employee since he is seen as a normal human being and a member
of a certain community, in addition to his employment status. The
concept and the nature of such a responsibility takes into account
the nature, characteristics, and the outcomes of it.
The importance of search-kind responsibility of being a holder in
dealing with some sort of responsibility, where the official is not the
availability of the debt component, winning Do not be Responsible
for the debt secured mortgage but within the limits of the mortgaged
property value and this is what leads. similarity of positions with
some other legal centers, as a sponsor in kind and the center of the
heir.
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