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Evaluation of the Bedelogical properties of agricultural soils in the 7th Sector of the Lower Euphrates Basin - Syria

تقييم الخصائص البيدولوجية للترب الزراعية في القطاع السابع من حوض الفرات الأدنى- سورية

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 Publication date 2018
and research's language is العربية
 Created by Shamra Editor




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Seventh sector is located on the right bank of the Euphrates River at the town of Abu- Kamal, the Syrian-Iraq border, and its square 18140 hectares. Invest most heavily sector too, where crops depend on irrigation, irrigation networks mediated consisting of earthen trenches, canals and to pump water by pumps on the banks of the Euphrates. Research aims to assess the pedelogical properties of agricultural soils by using laboratory and field tests: leaching speed, permeability, density, porosity, water field capacity, natural humidity (hygroscopic– wilt limit), so as to contribute in choosing optimal modalities for irrigation and drainage, and rehabilitation Land affected by salinity and exited the investment. The soils of the sector are clay, clayey sand, fine sand, and it has low permeability, low water field capacity because of sedimentary origin, and the total porosity is low in the upper part of subsurface soil because of its impaction. There is a relationship between hygroscopic moisture of soils and its structural composition. The search recommend to agriculture Fabaceae crops with different roots deep to help improve soil building, and need to use spray irrigation method to control the water quantity and wetting depth.


Artificial intelligence review:
Research summary
يقع القطاع السابع على الضفة اليمنى لنهر الفرات عند مدينة البوكمال على الحدود السورية - العراقية، وتبلغ مساحته 18140 هكتاراً. يعتمد القطاع بشكل كبير على الري بواسطة شبكات الري التي تتألف من أقنية وخنادق ترابية، تُضخ المياه فيها بالمضخات المنتشرة على ضفاف الفرات. يهدف البحث إلى تقييم الخصائص البيدولوجية للتربة الزراعية باستخدام تجارب مخبرية وحقلية، ومن أهم الخصائص: سرعة التسرب، النفاذية، الكثافة الظاهرية، المسامية، السعة الحقلية المائية، والرطوبة الطبيعية. تمكاز تربة القطاع بأنها غضارية ورملية غضارية ورملية ناعمة، نفاذيتها منخفضة، والسعة الحقلية المائية لها أيضاً منخفضة بسبب منشأها الرسوبي، والمسامية الكلية منخفضة في الآفاق تحت السطحية بسبب ارتصاصها. يوصي البحث بزراعة محاصيل بقولية ذات أعماق جذور مختلفة كي تساعد على تحسين بناء التربة، وضرورة استخدام الري بالرذاذ للتحكم بكمية المياه وعمق الترطيب.
Critical review
دراسة نقدية: يعتبر البحث مهماً في مجال تقييم الخصائص البيدولوجية للتربة الزراعية، إلا أنه يفتقر إلى تحليل أعمق للعوامل البيئية الأخرى التي قد تؤثر على التربة مثل التغيرات المناخية والتلوث. كما أن التوصيات المقدمة قد تكون غير كافية لتحسين جودة التربة بشكل مستدام. من الأفضل أن يتم تضمين دراسات مقارنة مع مناطق أخرى مشابهة لتقديم صورة أشمل وأكثر دقة عن حالة التربة وطرق تحسينها.
Questions related to the research
  1. ما هي أهم الخصائص البيدولوجية التي تم تقييمها في البحث؟

    أهم الخصائص البيدولوجية التي تم تقييمها هي سرعة التسرب، النفاذية، الكثافة الظاهرية، المسامية، السعة الحقلية المائية، والرطوبة الطبيعية.

  2. ما هي التوصيات التي قدمها البحث لتحسين جودة التربة؟

    يوصي البحث بزراعة محاصيل بقولية ذات أعماق جذور مختلفة لتحسين بناء التربة، واستخدام الري بالرذاذ للتحكم بكمية المياه وعمق الترطيب.

  3. ما هي المشاكل الرئيسية التي تواجه التربة في القطاع السابع؟

    المشاكل الرئيسية هي النفاذية المنخفضة، السعة الحقلية المائية المنخفضة، والمسامية الكلية المنخفضة في الآفاق تحت السطحية بسبب ارتصاصها.

  4. كيف يمكن استخدام نتائج هذا البحث في تحسين إدارة الري والصرف في القطاع السابع؟

    يمكن استخدام نتائج البحث في اختيار الطرائق المثلى لأعمال الري والصرف، وإعادة استصلاح الأراضي التي تأثرت بالملوحة وخرجت من الاستثمار.


References used
YACOB. A, HELUH. G, SHELEME. B. Pedelogical characterstics and classification of soil along landscapes at Abodo, Southwestern lowlands. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management. ETHIOPIA, Vol. 5(6). 2014, 72-82. ISSN: 1996-0816
LUFEGA, S.M, MSANYA, B.M. Pedological characterization and soil classification of selected soil units of Morogoro District. International journal of plant & science, TANZANIA. ISSN: 2320-7035, 2017
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The Seventh sector is located on the right bank of the Euphrates River at the town of ALbu- Kamal, the Syrian-Iraq border. Invest most heavily sector too, by planting different crops which irrigated by irrigation networks consisting of canals and ear then trenches. Research aims to evaluate the salinity of agricultural soils and unconfined groundwater by doing field surveying of agricultural soils of horizons from ground surface till depth 200cm. and making detailed chemical analysis of free groundwater and evaluate the quality of it to determine the salinity regions and the salinity degree. The salinity of agricultural soils of the sector are sulfate-chlorine and little degree chlorine - sulfate and chlorine classified non salinity –little salinity and little degree moderate salinity to very highly and highly salinity. The salinity of free groundwater between 1.3-28.5 g/l. and classified chlorine sulfate-magnesia calcic and sometimes sulfate chlorine- calcic magnesia. The research recommend to study and determine the leachingrequirement of salinity regions from actual test or choosing the most appropriate experimental equations.
The third sector of lower Euphrates basin has a great economic importance, but some lands have gone out of service because of salinization due to the rise of groundwater levels. Thus, it is very important to solve the ground water issue using new s cientific techniques. This research aims to solve the drainage problem in the third sector using a scenario based on a mathematical model, the results of which allow us design a proper drainage network comprised of 111 wells scattered all over the study area, with a total abstraction of 269000 m3/day. This will lower the groundwater level, dry the swamps, and decrease the soil salinity, ensuring a sustainable economic exploitation of agricultural lands.
Sector No. 5 is located on the right side of Euphrates River, Southeast of ALMyadeen City. Many lands there are not suitable for agricultural uses, because of the saline soils. This research aimed to evaluate the system of the unconfined groundwate r resources, by adopting the measurement results in 40 piezometers, drilled in aquifer of quaternary deposits which consist of loam, gravel, and sandy gravel, underneath which are impervious Neogene deposits. The annual changes of groundwater levels of quaternary aquifer were 1-3 meters, due to rain and irrigation water leaking. The groundwater table is shallow (less than 2.5 m), because of the excessive irrigation, which gives an urgent necessity to construct effective drain network to reduce groundwater levels. Groundwater salinity reaches 29 gr/liter, and concentrations of the chloride and sulphate are 11 gr/liter, 3,5 gr/liter in some locations, because of the natural and artificial situations. Therefore, this groundwater is not suitable for domestic, or agricultural purposes in most areas of the region.
The provision of adequate drainage and the accompanying problem of accumulation of salt in soil have plagued irrigated agriculture for centuries. Soil salinity is one of the major problems in arid and semi-arid zones. In Euphrates valley the high groundwater level and its high evaporation rate caused a serious salinity problem. This study was aimed to allocate the dangerous areas in terms of high water level resulted from the recent and expected activities. Drainage wells will be drilled at these areas in order to lower the groundwater level and prevent further soil salinity.
Fresh water is considered as a top priority concern that captures Syria because of limited water resources and high rate population growth (2.52%). This paper focuses on virtual water concept and studies the possibility of utilization it in agricul tural sector, and calculate the water balance of Syria accurately. The virtual water volume was calculated for most of the crops that are planted in Syria and the total water footprint and its indicators were calculated. A mathematical optimization model is developed for the selection of the cropping patterns distribution in Syria that use water with higher efficiency and better economic income, and minimize the food gap by offering two scenarios. As a findings of this research, the food demand was not covered completely but mostly because of water shortage, and the food gap value was decreased in the first scenario from 10950 million Syrian pounds to 9850 million Syrian pounds and to 5100 million Syrian pounds in the second scenario because of the productivity improvement of some crops and the increase in the production of some crops (wheat, maize) which are the main crops in food balance.

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