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Groundwater Flow Modeling “Lower Euphrates Valley”

نمذجة حركة المياه الجوفية «حالة حوض الفرات الأدنى»

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 Publication date 2005
and research's language is العربية
 Created by Shamra Editor




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The provision of adequate drainage and the accompanying problem of accumulation of salt in soil have plagued irrigated agriculture for centuries. Soil salinity is one of the major problems in arid and semi-arid zones. In Euphrates valley the high groundwater level and its high evaporation rate caused a serious salinity problem. This study was aimed to allocate the dangerous areas in terms of high water level resulted from the recent and expected activities. Drainage wells will be drilled at these areas in order to lower the groundwater level and prevent further soil salinity.


Artificial intelligence review:
Research summary
تتناول هذه الدراسة مشكلة تراكم الأملاح في التربة الناتجة عن الري في المناطق الجافة وشبه الجافة، مع التركيز على وادي الفرات الأدنى. تم تطوير نموذج رياضي لتدفق المياه الجوفية في أحد أحواض وادي الفرات الأدنى (القطاع 6) بهدف تحديد المناطق الخطرة من حيث ارتفاع مستوى المياه الجوفية. تم استخدام كود MODFLOW كنموذج عام لمحاكاة المنطقة باستخدام شبكة من 890 خلية تغطي مساحة 125 كم². أظهرت الدراسة أن الوضع الحالي للصرف غير كافٍ وأن مستوى المياه الجوفية يستمر في الارتفاع. تم اختبار تأثير إضافة 15 و25 بئر صرف، وأظهرت النتائج أن مستوى المياه انخفض في معظم المناطق الخطرة إلى حوالي 1.5 متر، وانخفض حجم التبخر بنسبة 20% و26.3% على التوالي. يعتبر النموذج أداة لصناع القرار لإدارة ووضع خطة مناسبة لاستصلاح وتطوير المنطقة.
Critical review
دراسة نقدية: تعتبر هذه الدراسة مهمة للغاية في تسليط الضوء على مشكلة تراكم الأملاح في التربة في وادي الفرات الأدنى، واستخدام النماذج الرياضية لتقديم حلول عملية. ومع ذلك، يمكن أن تكون الدراسة أكثر شمولية إذا تم تضمين تحليل اقتصادي لتكاليف وفوائد حفر الآبار الجديدة. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يمكن أن تكون هناك حاجة لمزيد من البيانات الميدانية لتأكيد نتائج النموذج الرياضي وضمان دقته.
Questions related to the research
  1. ما هي المشكلة الرئيسية التي تتناولها الدراسة؟

    المشكلة الرئيسية هي تراكم الأملاح في التربة الناتجة عن الري في المناطق الجافة وشبه الجافة، وخاصة في وادي الفرات الأدنى.

  2. ما هو الهدف من تطوير النموذج الرياضي في هذه الدراسة؟

    الهدف هو تحديد المناطق الخطرة من حيث ارتفاع مستوى المياه الجوفية نتيجة الأنشطة الحالية والمتوقعة، واقتراح حفر آبار صرف لخفض مستوى المياه الجوفية ومنع مزيد من ملوحة التربة.

  3. ما هي النتائج الرئيسية التي توصلت إليها الدراسة؟

    النتائج الرئيسية هي أن الوضع الحالي للصرف غير كافٍ وأن مستوى المياه الجوفية يستمر في الارتفاع. إضافة 15 و25 بئر صرف أدى إلى خفض مستوى المياه في معظم المناطق الخطرة إلى حوالي 1.5 متر، وانخفض حجم التبخر بنسبة 20% و26.3% على التوالي.

  4. ما هي الأدوات والنماذج التي تم استخدامها في الدراسة؟

    تم استخدام كود MODFLOW كنموذج عام لمحاكاة تدفق المياه الجوفية، وتم بناء النموذج باستخدام نظام المعلومات الجغرافية (GIS) لتشكيل حوالي 70 طبقة من بيانات المدخلات.


References used
American Society of Testing and Material (ASTM) (1993). Standard Guide for Comparing Groundwater flow Model Simulation to Site-Specific Information; Designation: D 5490-93; USA
Anderson, M. P. & Woessner, W. W. (1992). Applied Groundwater Modelling; Academic Press, San Diego
Boonstra, J. & de Ridder, N. A. (1981). Numerical Modelling of Groundwater Basins; International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement ILRI, publication 29; The Netherlands
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Sector No. 5 is located on the right side of Euphrates River, Southeast of ALMyadeen City. Many lands there are not suitable for agricultural uses, because of the saline soils. This research aimed to evaluate the system of the unconfined groundwate r resources, by adopting the measurement results in 40 piezometers, drilled in aquifer of quaternary deposits which consist of loam, gravel, and sandy gravel, underneath which are impervious Neogene deposits. The annual changes of groundwater levels of quaternary aquifer were 1-3 meters, due to rain and irrigation water leaking. The groundwater table is shallow (less than 2.5 m), because of the excessive irrigation, which gives an urgent necessity to construct effective drain network to reduce groundwater levels. Groundwater salinity reaches 29 gr/liter, and concentrations of the chloride and sulphate are 11 gr/liter, 3,5 gr/liter in some locations, because of the natural and artificial situations. Therefore, this groundwater is not suitable for domestic, or agricultural purposes in most areas of the region.
The third sector of lower Euphrates basin has a great economic importance, but some lands have gone out of service because of salinization due to the rise of groundwater levels. Thus, it is very important to solve the ground water issue using new s cientific techniques. This research aims to solve the drainage problem in the third sector using a scenario based on a mathematical model, the results of which allow us design a proper drainage network comprised of 111 wells scattered all over the study area, with a total abstraction of 269000 m3/day. This will lower the groundwater level, dry the swamps, and decrease the soil salinity, ensuring a sustainable economic exploitation of agricultural lands.
The Seventh sector is located on the right bank of the Euphrates River at the town of ALbu- Kamal, the Syrian-Iraq border. Invest most heavily sector too, by planting different crops which irrigated by irrigation networks consisting of canals and ear then trenches. Research aims to evaluate the salinity of agricultural soils and unconfined groundwater by doing field surveying of agricultural soils of horizons from ground surface till depth 200cm. and making detailed chemical analysis of free groundwater and evaluate the quality of it to determine the salinity regions and the salinity degree. The salinity of agricultural soils of the sector are sulfate-chlorine and little degree chlorine - sulfate and chlorine classified non salinity –little salinity and little degree moderate salinity to very highly and highly salinity. The salinity of free groundwater between 1.3-28.5 g/l. and classified chlorine sulfate-magnesia calcic and sometimes sulfate chlorine- calcic magnesia. The research recommend to study and determine the leachingrequirement of salinity regions from actual test or choosing the most appropriate experimental equations.
Seventh sector is located on the right bank of the Euphrates River at the town of Abu- Kamal, the Syrian-Iraq border, and its square 18140 hectares. Invest most heavily sector too, where crops depend on irrigation, irrigation networks mediated cons isting of earthen trenches, canals and to pump water by pumps on the banks of the Euphrates. Research aims to assess the pedelogical properties of agricultural soils by using laboratory and field tests: leaching speed, permeability, density, porosity, water field capacity, natural humidity (hygroscopic– wilt limit), so as to contribute in choosing optimal modalities for irrigation and drainage, and rehabilitation Land affected by salinity and exited the investment. The soils of the sector are clay, clayey sand, fine sand, and it has low permeability, low water field capacity because of sedimentary origin, and the total porosity is low in the upper part of subsurface soil because of its impaction. There is a relationship between hygroscopic moisture of soils and its structural composition. The search recommend to agriculture Fabaceae crops with different roots deep to help improve soil building, and need to use spray irrigation method to control the water quantity and wetting depth.
Groundwater is an important source of drinking water. Therefore; groundwater contamination is a source of continuing concern. Groundwater contamination is unlike surface water contamination, because it is difficult to define and harder to be contro lled and treated. It may also last for years or decades. Deveh Spring area is an agricultural area in Lattakia. It suffers from many environmental problems, so, it is very important to assess spring water vulnerability using DRASTIC and create water vulnerability assessment map by GIS. The map showed that the recharge water to Deveh Spring has a high and moderate vulnerability to contamination. The area of high vulnerable groundwater zone is (82Km2), which is about (48%) from the whole study area. The area of moderate vulnerable groundwater zone is (40Km2), which is about (23%) from the whole study area. Sufficient actions must be taken to protect water from contamination, through the integrated management of groundwater resources.
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