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Register a new userThe French military campaign on Mount Lebanon (1860-1861)
الحملة العسكرية الفرنسية على جبل لبنان ( 1860-1861 )
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تميز جبل لبنان عن غيره من الولايات العثمانية بالاستقلالية الإدارية الناتجة عن خصوصيته من جهة و اعتماده على مساعدة و دعم الغرب من جهة أخرى، الأمر الذي فهمته الدولة العثمانية و لم يعترض عليه الغرب تحقيقاً لمصلحته الاستعمارية.
Mount Lebanon distinguished itself from other Ottoman states with the administrative autonomy resulting from its specificity and its reliance on Western assistance and support on the other hand, which the Ottoman Empire understood and was not opposed by the West in pursuit of its colonial interests.
References used
Ahmed, Tarek, 2012 - The History of Modern Lebanon, Beirut, 310 pages
Akiki, Antoine Zaher, 1939- Revolution and fascination in Lebanon, published by Youssef Ibrahim Yazbek, Beirut, 405 pages
Churchill, Charles, 1985 - Between the Druze and the Maronites Under Turkish Rule, Fendi al-Sha'ar, Dar al- Farabi, 270 pages
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In spite of the presence of many Arabic and Western books written on the French
crusade, showing causes, events and effects on Egyptian people and on the entire Arab
nation, there are some aspects that need more research and inspection. One of the
studies
that attract my attention is the public in Egypt and their stand towards the French crusade. I
depended on inspecting this stand from Islamic and western resources to show the different
points of view from both sides.
This research is a brief account about the author, he has grown up along with the
crusade and Witnessed its events. The research presented the public stand from the crusade
since it landed in Alexandria port till it reached Cairo. The research showed the resistant
movement of the other Egyptian regions against the French occupiers. The Egyptian
regions were not occupied easily as expected by the occupiers. The research presents
complete information about Cairo revolution that was taken by the public people, which
terrified the occupiers, compelling them to change their policy towards the Egyptians. The
research showed the absence of Napoleon while he was attacking Sham area. He returned
back defeated from Sham region.
The research showed the feeling the people had when the Ottoman came to save
Egypt from the occupiers and the stands of the public supporting Ottoman forces when
entered Cairo or in defending French from coming back to Cairo in spite of the fires
burning Cairo colonies and the terrifying deaths.
Finally, the research showed the people great happiness to the agreement between
the Ottomans and the French which implied the French departure from Egypt and the
retuning of Egypt back to Higher State of the Ottomans.
For many tasks, state-of-the-art results have been achieved with Transformer-based architectures, resulting in a paradigmatic shift in practices from the use of task-specific architectures to the fine-tuning of pre-trained language models. The ongoin
g trend consists in training models with an ever-increasing amount of data and parameters, which requires considerable resources. It leads to a strong search to improve resource efficiency based on algorithmic and hardware improvements evaluated only for English. This raises questions about their usability when applied to small-scale learning problems, for which a limited amount of training data is available, especially for under-resourced languages tasks. The lack of appropriately sized corpora is a hindrance to applying data-driven and transfer learning-based approaches with strong instability cases. In this paper, we establish a state-of-the-art of the efforts dedicated to the usability of Transformer-based models and propose to evaluate these improvements on the question-answering performances of French language which have few resources. We address the instability relating to data scarcity by investigating various training strategies with data augmentation, hyperparameters optimization and cross-lingual transfer. We also introduce a new compact model for French FrALBERT which proves to be competitive in low-resource settings.
This study aims to know the application of managerial innovation on
Telecommunication organizations (Alpha & MTC Touch) in Lebanon, and its
impact on organizational development of all levels (individuals, groups and
organization) into these organi
zations. To achieve the study objectives 425
questionnaires were divided for employees in these organizations, 385 of them were
collected. The study results shows that the organizations top management highly
implement the managerial innovation elements. Therefore it impact positively on
organizational development on all levels. ...
Lebanon is characterized through history by political freedom and over vitality , and diversity of forces , parties and organizations which alters from extreme right into extreme left . All that made political status in Lebanon a unique one compared
to other status in the Arab surrounding , from the view point of exclusivity coming out of parliamentary circumstances , sectarian diversity , increasing approaches towards moderation of political forces which were legalized in the form of parties throughout specific historical stages .
Each sectarian entity has its party or parties , which is fortified by its sect facing the other party and the state sometimes . Sect limits the sect and party against a party .
This research approaches , profoundly , the historical development of the parties phenomenon in Lebanon and stages of its emergence during the basic periods through which Lebanon have passed since the Ottoman epoch till the period of French occupation and then the period are discussed , in addition to the most important features of the partisan experience in Lebanon . The research came to that political regime has its great effect on parties , as each political regime originates parties which comply with its form . Political regime in Lebanon as it is considered a regime of individuals , families and sects , and the traditional feudal and financial system , it originated a parties system which is similar to it , very close to the sectarian texture of the Lebanon society , from the view point of consecutive election laws , or the law of societies and parties , and the law of administrative decentralization , and all do not contribute to the expansion of the parties work area , but on the contrary this leads to the generation and regeneration of traditional forces to the disadvantage of modern state institutions and parties are of them .
Political fragmentation is unable to monopolize privileges and it bears seeds of imparity to its maximum limit, so that it transforms the mission of parties from organizing and controlling society's disputes and it pushes towards extreme imparity , and it confines political life in the sphere of instability and conflict.
Lexical simplification (LS) aims at replacing words considered complex in a sentence by simpler equivalents. In this paper, we present the first automatic LS service for French, FrenLys, which offers different techniques to generate, select and rank
substitutes. The paper describes the different methods proposed by our tool, which includes both classical approaches (e.g. generation of candidates from lexical resources, frequency filter, etc.) and more innovative approaches such as the exploitation of CamemBERT, a model for French based on the RoBERTa architecture. To evaluate the different methods, a new evaluation dataset for French is introduced.
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