The increasing number of individuals with diabetes suggests that diabetic retinopathy DR is
a major contributor to vision loss. The initial disease is characterized by increased vascular
permeability due to a breakdown in the blood-retinal barrier
BRB, causing macular edema DME,
with a progressive vascular occlusion and retinal neovascularization which are secondary to
ischemia and oxidative stress. Laser photocoagulation and vitrectomy only target advanced stages
of disease. However, despite laser treatment, patients with DME experienced gradual loss of
vision. Intravitreal triamcinolone IVTA reduces the breakdown of BRB and down-regulates the
production of vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF. IVTA may moderately but temporarily
improves visual acuity in cases of DME. Agents that attenuate VEGF action such as bevacizumab
are expected to reduce permeability and neovascularization. Intravitrealbevacizumab IVB reduces
macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion, vascular permeability and fibrovascular
proliferationin. Calcium dobesilate CD is a potent antioxidant, slows vascular proliferation.
Pretreatment is one of the most important stage in olive mill
wastewater (OMWW) plants. Statistically, the cost of chemicals in
pretreatment will be not more than 0.02 €/m³OMWW for some kind of
chemical coagulants such as CaO.
This research focused on one of the stages of the conventional treatment of water
in the purification stations, a process of coagulation, which enhanced by using
alternatives to alum; such as Ferric Chloride and Poly Aluminum-chloride (PACl),
whic
h play an important role to reducing the turbidity of drinking water through
the destabilization of colloids, which include organic and inorganic materials in
order to increase the efficiency of sterilization and disposal of the side effects of
sterilization (DBPS) and to minimize the problems of clogged sand filters due to
an increase of the turbidity of water inside it. According to that, three types of
coagulant agents were used for the purpose of comparison with each other to achieve
the best efficiency in the process of reducing water turbidity through a process
of coagulation improved by using (Jar-test). Different concentrations of coagulant
agents of irrigation water were used depending on experiments. The results found
that urinary chloride aluminum gave the highest efficiency in reducing turbidity by
(84, 82 and 81%) according to the addition of concentration for coagulation (20
ppm, 10 ppm and 5ppm), respectively. The reduction rates in turbidity for Ferric
chloride were (79, 78.2 and 78.1% ) by concentrations added, respectively, but for
alum, the reduction rates in turbidity were (58, 56, and, 54%) by concentrations
added, respectively.
