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Systems kept out of equilibrium in stationary states by an external source of energy store an energy $Delta U=U-U_0$. $U_0$ is the internal energy at equilibrium state, obtained after the shutdown of energy input. We determine $Delta U$ for two model systems: ideal gas and Lennard-Jones fluid. $Delta U$ depends not only on the total energy flux, $J_U$, but also on the mode of energy transfer into the system. We use three different modes of energy transfer where: the energy flux per unit volume is (i) constant; (ii) proportional to the local temperature (iii) proportional to the local density. We show that $Delta U /J_U=tau$ is minimized in the stationary states formed in these systems, irrespective of the mode of energy transfer. $tau$ is the characteristic time scale of energy outflow from the system immediately after the shutdown of energy flux. We prove that $tau$ is minimized in stable states of the Rayleigh-Benard cell.
We study the structure of stationary non equilibrium states for interacting particle systems from a microscopic viewpoint. In particular we discuss two different discrete geometric constructions. We apply both of them to determine non reversible tran
We study a quantity $mathcal{T}$ defined as the energy U, stored in non-equilibrium steady states (NESS) over its value in equilibrium $U_0$, $Delta U=U-U_0$ divided by the heat flow $J_{U}$ going out of the system. A recent study suggests that $math
We study periodic steady states of a lattice system under external cyclic energy supply using simulation. We consider different protocols for cyclic energy supply and examine the energy storage. Under the same energy flux, we found that the stored en
We discuss the non-equilibrium statistical mechanics of a thermally driven micromachine consisting of three spheres and two harmonic springs [Y. Hosaka et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 86, 113801 (2017)]. We obtain the non-equilibrium steady state probabil
We examine how systems in non-equilibrium steady states close to a continuous phase transition can still be described by a Landau potential if one forgoes the assumption of analyticity. In a system simultaneously coupled to several baths at different