Efficient Computation of Expectations under Spanning Tree Distributions

Abstract We give a general framework for inference in spanning tree models. We propose unified algorithms for the important cases of first-order expectations and second-order expectations in edge-factored, non-projective spanning-tree models. Our algorithms exploit a fundamental connection between gradients and expectations, which allows us to derive efficient algorithms. These algorithms are easy to implement with or without automatic differentiation software. We motivate the development of our framework with several cautionary tales of previous research, which has developed numerous inefficient algorithms for computing expectations and their gradients. We demonstrate how our framework efficiently computes several quantities with known algorithms, including the expected attachment score, entropy, and generalized expectation criteria. As a bonus, we give algorithms for quantities that are missing in the literature, including the KL divergence. In all cases, our approach matches the efficiency of existing algorithms and, in several cases, reduces the runtime complexity by a factor of the sentence length. We validate the implementation of our framework through runtime experiments. We find our algorithms are up to 15 and 9 times faster than previous algorithms for computing the Shannon entropy and the gradient of the generalized expectation objective, respectively.

Minimum legal guarantees for child labor

There are a number of commitments mentioned in the international and Arab agreements and the Syrian legislation related to child labor. Where the goal is to ensure working conditions suitable for working children, commensurate with their abilities and potential, and ensure the preservation of safety and health.

Pistachio tree

مقدمة إلى الفستق الحلبي التصنيف النباتي والأصناف الأنواع البرية للفستق الحلبي المنتشرة في سورية البطم الأطلسي البطم التربنتيني البطم الفلسطيني البطم العدسي البطم الأخضر اهم أصناف الفستق الحلبي المنتشرة في سورية الوصف المورفولوجي للفستق الحلبي واقع الفستق الحلبي في سورية. طرق إكثار الفستق الحلبي

Optimal time and minimum cost Algorithm in networks

Operational research science aims to find the optimal solution to many problems in various life domains. One of the most famous is the network analysis. Problem. In this paper we introduce an effective algorithm with linear time O ( n + k ) within it all network activities are executed within determined period and with a minimum cost.

Legal regulation of the minimum age Child labor in the Syrian law

Children constitute a large proportion of the Syrian society, where each is a child who has not attained the age of eighteen years of age, according to the Syrian legislation. And exposed by virtue of their circumstances and the early age at risk of exploitation, more than others, and the longer exploitation all take advantage of these children at the expense of their basic rights, and among the most important aspects of labor exploitation in the work without a specific law on the Syrian people.