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Register a new userGeomorphological-chemical analysis of karstic phenomenon in Karkit – NE of Lattakia, Syria
تحليل جيومورفولوجي- كيميائي لظاهرة الحفرة الكارستية المفاجئة في قرية كركيت شمال شرق اللاذقية-سوريا
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Aِl-Baath University ورقة بحثية
Publication date
2014
fields
Geology
and research's language is
العربية
Created by
Shamra Editor
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تشير الدراسة الجيومورفولوجية - الكيميائية لظاهرة الحفرة التي حدثت في قرية كركيت (شمال شرق اللاذقية ) في 11 شباط 2009 م , أنها نتيجة لظواهر الكارست في الصخور الجصية . هذا الكارست ناتج عن جريانات مائية جوفية وفقا لاتجاهات الشقوق في المنطقة المافقة ل N025 .
Geomorphological-chemical studying of hole phenomenon which taked place in KARKIT village (NE of Lattakia) at 11/2/2009,indicate that it was a result of karstic phenomenons in gypsum rocks,this karst is result of underground water drainage inaccordance with fissures direction In study region N025 .
References used
CHRISTENSON, S., HAYES, C., HANCOCK, E. and MCLEAN, J. Correlating the location of a cave passage in gypsum karst to a highway right-of-way using a cave radio .Denver Annual Meeting USA, P 93-5, 27-30 October 2002
PEARSON, R. M. and HURCOMB, D. R. Gypsum Karst of the Lykins formation and effects for Colorado front range water projects; Horsetooth and Carter Lake reservoirs. Denver Annual Meeting USA, P 93-10, 27-30 October 2002
PONIKAROV, V.P. Explanatory notes on the Geological Map of Syria, scale 1/200000, Moscow, 1966
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This research define and study geomorphological properties of the Karstic Polje,
located in the southern parts of the coastal area “Beerat Aljerd and Ein alshams rgeons”
For this issue, we have used “ G I S” Technology to clarify properties and pla
ce of
this Polje through construction few of informatics slides that contain different types of
data, showing Karstic Polje limits, dimensions, topography of the region, and situated
Karstic characteristics Blind valleys, sink holes, solution doline, hums. Following, we have
studied the Paleogeogeaphic development of the study area, in addition to the forming
conditions, and Geomorphological periods related with this region.
Finally, This study showed the great hydrology importance, resulted from presence
of this Karstic Polje in the mentioned region, through infiltration of large quantities of rain
water by precipitation with annual average up to 1475 m m. This water moves often
through water bearing formations toward the west, where flow out of the Polje and
contribute in consisting of water storage for the coastal area.
This research define and study geomorphological properties of the Karstic spring
nameled “Al Gamka” , characterized one of seasonal springs that flux up as “fontain” .
For this issue, we achieved a detailed geological and geomorphological Study in
the
region of spring, in addition to the field measures to draw and define the main karstic paths
and its tributaries, which recharge this spring by groundwater coming from north-east side.
To show the changes happened to the spring path, and to control water level variations
inside this karstic paths and tributaries and the relation with groundwater influx periods
through this “fountain”.
This study showed reasons that led to groundwater influx through this spring with
high discharge, and the relation between this spring discharge with the amount of
precipitation on the recharge area. Finally, I presented detailed explanation about karstic
extension, Which recharge this spring, in addition to the geomorphological development of
the spring region through previous times.
Obtaind results, by studing ١٢٥ samples from ١٠ deep wells covering the
different Triassic formations in NE-Syria,show the existence of various
inclusion types. Aqueous, carbon and hydrocarbon-bearing. Aqueous inclusions
vary widely in their general and physico–chemical features, form, melting and
homogenization temperature, and density of the enclosed fluid.
The geophysical surveys on the Syrian oil fields had begun since (1933);it
continued by the soviet groups (1952-1962) and were completed by the Syrian
national groups. The Derro oil field had a good lot from these studies, because
it was surveyed
and studied by the all known geophysical methods (gravity,
geoelectrics, siesmics, well logging).
This was possiple due to the fact that oil bearing formation in the above
mentioned field lays in very shallow depths, in comparison with the known oil
fields, the geoelectrical method was applied with good results and extreme low
cost.
Structural design for seismic loading, which is traditionally done for most types of common structures by the means of equivalent lateral static loading or modal spectrum analysis, is no longer a preferred methodology for design of modern structures
with complex topology and functionality under extreme loading scenarios. Nonlinear response history evaluation, on the other hand, is becoming a practical tool due to availability of high performance computing and recommendations of the new seismic guidelines, and due to the increase of available strong ground motion database. Therefor using and scaling real recorded accelerograms is becoming one of the most contemporary research issues in this field.
Seismological characteristics of the records, such as earthquake magnitude, epicentral distance and site classification are usually considered in the selection of real records, as they influence the shape of the response spectrum, the energy content and duration of strong ground shaking, and therefore the expected demand on structures. After real seismic records selection it is necessary to scale these records to match the intensity of the earthquake expected for the site. Generally, scaling can be made by ground motions uniform scaling in time domain which is simply scaled up or down the ground motions uniformly to best match (in average) the target spectrum within a period range of interest. It’s an engineer’s job to find the best scaling factors to best match the target spectrum, which is a complex task, so we employed the Genetic Algorithm (GA) in finding them to achieve the best results.
When testing the selected and scaled ground motions, it’s a standard procedure to use the nonlinear time history analysis to validate the results in terms of structural responses and their variation. this proves the efficiency of the presented procedure.
In this study, basic methodologies for selecting and scaling strong ground motion time histories are summarized, the selection and scaling criteria of real time history records to satisfy the Syrian design code are discussed. The GA scaling procedures are utilized to scale 10 set of records, every set consists of seven records of available real records to match the Syrian design spectra. The resulting time histories are investigated and compared in terms of suitability as input to time history analysis of civil engineering structures, by mean of time history analyses of SDOF systems which are conducted to examine the efficiency of the scaling method in reducing the scatter in structural response. The nonlinear response of SDOF systems is represented by bilinear hysteretic model. Assuming 5 different Periods, yield strength reduction factor, R= 4.5, α=3% post-yield stiffness, a number of 700 runs of analysis are conducted. The results are described for elastic displacement D.
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