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Register a new userParagraph-level Rationale Extraction through Regularization: A case study on European Court of Human Rights Cases
استخراج الأساس المنطقي على مستوى الفقرة من خلال التنظيم: دراسة حالة عن المحكمة الأوروبية لحالات حقوق الإنسان
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الترجمة الترجمة الشفوية أو الشرح هي مجال بحث ناشئ في NLP. من وجهة نظر متعلقة بالمستخدم، يكون الهدف هو بناء نماذج توفر مبرر مناسب لقراراتها، مماثلة لتلك الإثارة، من خلال مطالبة النماذج بإرضاء قيود إضافية. تحقيقا لهذه الغاية، نقدم طلبا جديدا على النص القانوني حيث، على عكس الأدب السائد الذي يستهدف أستهدف منورات على مستوى الكلمات، فإننا نتصور المناولة كفقرات محددة في قضايا المحكمة متعددة الفقيرات. ونصدر أيضا بمجموعة بيانات جديدة تضم محكمة أوروبية لحالات حقوق الإنسان، بما في ذلك التعليقات التوضيحية من أجل المناولة على مستوى الفقرات. نستخدم هذه البيانات هذه البيانات لدراسة تأثير قيود الأساس المنطقية المقترحة بالفعل، أي على سبيل المثال.، Sparsity، الاستمرارية، والشمول تشير النتائج إلى أن بعض هذه القيود ليست مفيدة في استخراج الأساس المنطقي على مستوى الفقرة، بينما يحتاج البعض الآخر إلى إعادة صياغة للتعامل بشكل أفضل في الطبيعة المتعددة التسمية للمهمة التي نعتبرها. نقدم أيضا قيود جديدة، تفرد، مما يحسن جودة المناولة، حتى مقارنة بالإشراف الأساسي الصاخب. تشير النتائج التجريبية إلى أن المهمة المقدمة حديثا تحديا للغاية وهناك مجال كبير لمزيد من البحث.
Interpretability or explainability is an emerging research field in NLP. From a user-centric point of view, the goal is to build models that provide proper justification for their decisions, similar to those of humans, by requiring the models to satisfy additional constraints. To this end, we introduce a new application on legal text where, contrary to mainstream literature targeting word-level rationales, we conceive rationales as selected paragraphs in multi-paragraph structured court cases. We also release a new dataset comprising European Court of Human Rights cases, including annotations for paragraph-level rationales. We use this dataset to study the effect of already proposed rationale constraints, i.e., sparsity, continuity, and comprehensiveness, formulated as regularizers. Our findings indicate that some of these constraints are not beneficial in paragraph-level rationale extraction, while others need re-formulation to better handle the multi-label nature of the task we consider. We also introduce a new constraint, singularity, which further improves the quality of rationales, even compared with noisy rationale supervision. Experimental results indicate that the newly introduced task is very challenging and there is a large scope for further research.
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The article aims to critically analyze the development of individual applications
proceedings before the European Court of Human Rights, excluding friendly
settlement procedures.
In the last few years the world faced many political, economical, ideological and
military changes, leading to the emergence of a new international situation. These changes
had their effects on the international relations especially in the method o
f dealing with
different issues and problems. They also affected on applying the principles on which the
international law is based such as sovereignty, equality in sovereignty, the principles of
human rights and the principle of not interfering in the internal affairs of other countries.
On these bases a new international map is formed with the emergence of one political and
economical pole. As a consequence, the world has lost its strategic balance and the onepole
trend has dominated the international relations and has manifested itself in the
international decision-making and the current world issues. This, in turn, has compromised
the role of the United Nations and other international government and non-government
organizations that comprise the human rights organizations on the bases that what
happened in Iraq and happening in Libya are considered a human disaster in all measures.
Through the trespasses that the United States has committed, and still committing, by
jumping over the international legitimacy and the contradictions in the unrealistic
justifications for waging wars and military actions and the consequent violations of
internationally admitted human rights through international treaties, for all these, the
United States is considered part of most of them.
The issue of human rights is one of the most important issues that are still on the stage at all times and permanently, especially on the political scene and these are the ones that have taken the lead and are the subject of global and domestic atten
tion, so we find at the global level and in particular after the end of the Second World War a need has emerged For global peace and the need to work to create a kind of international balance, in addition to seeking by a number of people to achieve independence and work to build the national state, the bodies and organizations of the international community have emerged and they are concerned with human rights and fundamental freedoms and these are the ones that have emerged from many of Declarations and many international agreements in most areas related to human rights, and we find that at the local level, Egypt has not failed to participate in all efforts and all international forums that have discussed issues related to human rights, and the principle of respect for human rights is one of the most important criteria for defining relationships and defining international transactions and measuring The political development of any society, and the evaluation of political systems as well as economic and social systems has become subject to the extent to which these systems are achieving in order to achieve many goals. The rights and freedoms have even turned into one of the important measures for growth, and consequently, international concern for human rights has become one of the main distinguishing features of the contemporary international system.
We present the task of Automated Punishment Extraction (APE) in sentencing decisions from criminal court cases in Hebrew. Addressing APE will enable the identification of sentencing patterns and constitute an important stepping stone for many follow
up legal NLP applications in Hebrew, including the prediction of sentencing decisions. We curate a dataset of sexual assault sentencing decisions and a manually-annotated evaluation dataset, and implement rule-based and supervised models. We find that while supervised models can identify the sentence containing the punishment with good accuracy, rule-based approaches outperform them on the full APE task. We conclude by presenting a first analysis of sentencing patterns in our dataset and analyze common models' errors, indicating avenues for future work, such as distinguishing between probation and actual imprisonment punishment. We will make all our resources available upon request, including data, annotation, and first benchmark models.
Recent Deep Learning (DL) summarization models greatly outperform traditional summarization methodologies, generating high-quality summaries. Despite their success, there are still important open issues, such as the limited engagement and trust of us
ers in the whole process. In order to overcome these issues, we reconsider the task of summarization from a human-centered perspective. We propose to integrate a user interface with an underlying DL model, instead of tackling summarization as an isolated task from the end user. We present a novel system, where the user can actively participate in the whole summarization process. We also enable the user to gather insights into the causative factors that drive the model's behavior, exploiting the self-attention mechanism. We focus on the financial domain, in order to demonstrate the efficiency of generic DL models for domain-specific applications. Our work takes a first step towards a model-interface co-design approach, where DL models evolve along user needs, paving the way towards human-computer text summarization interfaces.
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