With substantial development in the field of surveying instruments, and the
emergence of various and different generations of Theodolites which are used to measure
horizontal directions and angles, it is urgent to develop the methods of assessing a
nd
determining the accuracy of measurements using these instruments. This is achieved by
taking into consideration all the internal and external factors affecting the measurement
system. The research team studied the famous error equation (Colcord equation) of
horizontal directions and tested it using a several equipments of theodolites and targets on
a 250 m long, 5-sections base-line. The team concluded that there was a need to develop
Colcord equation by taking into consideration the factors involved mainly by Colcord
equation (positioning error, initial sitting error, reading error) in addition to the type of
target and the distance of the line of-sight. The proposed equation was tested in practice,
which proved that expected errors of measurements were close to their actual values. This
could be adopted to estimate the root mean square error (r. m. s. e.) of measurements of
horizontal directions.
The study shows the factors affecting rain precipitation, general
rate and annual, monthly and daily changes by calculating the
standard deviation and the annual fluctuation. The standard
deviation from the general average shows large values in th
e
stations located in the north of the study area. Stations in the
center and south, because of the nature of the dry climate, as well
as that the increase in the number of rainy days does not
necessarily mean an increase in the amount of precipitation, and a
difference in the amount of rainfall from one station to another
because of the difference in climatic factors affecting them .