Studying the Impact of Photovoltaic Modules of Cooling by Water on its Efficiency and Generated Electrical Energy

The electrical performance of the PV modules can be severely affected by operating temperature of silicon cells due to properties of the crystalline silicon used; the energy generated from these cells decreases with their high temperatures. To reducethis decline in energy, the PV modules use cooling water by placing a tube containing many regular holes on the top end of the module, and water flows on the surface freely in several flows. So, with flow rate (4.224 l/min.m2), module temperature decreases up to (20C°); the record of increased value of electrical yield over the whole day is about (12.8%). and efficiency rises (from 8.31% to 9.62%) of (1.31%). With Flow rate (3.167 l/min.m2), temperature of module decreases up to (18C°); the record of increased value of electrical yield is about (9.8%), and efficiency rises by (1.03%). But with flow rate (2.112 l/min.m2), temperature of module decreases up to (15.5C°); the record of increased value of electrical yield is about (7.8%), and efficiency rises by (0.83%). Furthermore, flow of water on the surface of PV module reduces the reflection losses because the refractive index of water with (1.3) is intermediate between air (1) and glass (1.5). In addition, the surface of module remains clean.

Reduced maintenance and increased reliability of the work and improving the efficiency of the Catalan locomotive LDE1500 working on the Syrian Railways

In this research study the possibility of thermal energy lost investment with all of the cooling water and oil in the Czech locomotive engine LDE1500 in circuit absorbance.