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In view of the long-standing controversy over the reversibility of transition metals in Sn-based alloys as anode for Li-ion batteries, an in situ real-time magnetic monitoring method was used to investigate the evolution of Sn-Co intermetallic during the electrochemical cycling. Sn-Co alloy film anodes with different compositions were prepared via magnetron sputtering without using binders and conductive additives. The magnetic responses showed that the Co particles liberated by Li insertion recombine fully with Sn during the delithiation to reform Sn-Co intermetallic into stannum richer phases Sn7Co3. However, as the Co content increases, it can only recombine partially with Sn into cobalt richer phases Sn3Co7. The unconverted Co particles may form a dense barrier layer and prevent the full reaction of Li with all the Sn in the anode, leading to lower capacities. These critical results shed light on understanding the reaction mechanism of transition metals, and provide valuable insights toward the design of high-performance Sn alloy based anodes.
Non-destructive determination of lithium distribution in a working battery is key for addressing both efficiency and safety issues. Although various techniques have been developed to map the lithium distribution in electrodes, these methods are mostl
A thick electrode with high areal capacity has been developed as a strategy for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries, but thick electrodes have difficulties in manufacturing and limitations in ion transport. Here, we reported a new manufacturing
Conversion reaction is one of the most important chemical processes in energy storage such as lithium ion batteries. While it is generally assumed that the conversion reaction is initiated by ion intercalation into the electrode material, solid evide
Using first principles structure searching with density-functional theory (DFT) we identify a novel $Fmbar{3}m$ phase of Cu$_2$P and two low-lying metastable structures, an $Ibar{4}3d$--Cu$_3$P phase, and a $Cm$--Cu$_3$P$_{11}$ phase. The computed pa
Crystal structures play a vital role in determining materials properties. In Li-ion cathodes, the crystal structure defines the dimensionality and connectivity of interstitial sites, thus determining Li-ion diffusion kinetics. While a perfect crystal