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For a class C of operations on a nonempty base set A, an operation f is called a C-subfunction of an operation g, if f = g(h_1, ..., h_n), where all the inner functions h_i are members of C. Two operations are C-equivalent if they are C-subfunctions of each other. The C-subfunction relation is a quasiorder if and only if the defining class C is a clone. The C-subfunction relations defined by clones that contain all unary operations on a finite base set are examined. For each such clone it is determined whether the corresponding partial order satisfies the descending chain condition and whether it contains infinite antichains.
The study of partial clones on $mathbf{2}:={0,1}$ was initiated by R. V. Freivald. In his fundamental paper published in 1966, Freivald showed, among other things, that the set of all monotone partial functions and the set of all self-dual partial fu
There are continuum many clones on a three-element set even if they are considered up to emph{homomorphic equivalence}. The clones we use to prove this fact are clones consisting of emph{self-dual operations}, i.e., operations that preserve the relat
We propose a quantum walk defined by digraphs (mixed graphs). This is like Grover walk that is perturbed by a certain complex-valued function defined by digraphs. The discriminant of this quantum walk is a matrix that is a certain normalization of ge
We consider a series of configurations defined by fibers of a given base configuration. We prove that Markov degree of the configurations is bounded from above by the Markov complexity of the base configuration. As important examples of base configur
Consider all $k$-element subsets and $ell$-element subsets $(k>ell )$ of an $n$-element set as vertices of a bipartite graph. Two vertices are adjacent if the corresponding $ell$-element set is a subset of the corresponding $k$-element set. Let $G_{k