We demonstrate that the concerns expressed by Garcia et al. are misplaced, due to (1) a misreading of our findings in [1]; (2) a widespread failure to examine and present words in support of asserted summary quantities based on word usage frequencies
; and (3) a range of misconceptions about word usage frequency, word rank, and expert-constructed word lists. In particular, we show that the English component of our study compares well statistically with two related surveys, that no survey design influence is apparent, and that estimates of measurement error do not explain the positivity biases reported in our work and that of others. We further demonstrate that for the frequency dependence of positivity---of which we explored the nuances in great detail in [1]---Garcia et al. did not perform a reanalysis of our data---they instead carried out an analysis of a different, statistically improper data set and introduced a nonlinearity before performing linear regression.
Using human evaluation of 100,000 words spread across 24 corpora in 10 languages diverse in origin and culture, we present evidence of a deep imprint of human sociality in language, observing that (1) the words of natural human language possess a uni
versal positivity bias; (2) the estimated emotional content of words is consistent between languages under translation; and (3) this positivity bias is strongly independent of frequency of word usage. Alongside these general regularities, we describe inter-language variations in the emotional spectrum of languages which allow us to rank corpora. We also show how our word evaluations can be used to construct physical-like instruments for both real-time and offline measurement of the emotional content of large-scale texts.
Differentially rotating flows of unmagnetized, highly conducting plasmas have been created in the Plasma Couette Experiment. Previously, hot-cathodes have been used to control plasma rotation by a stirring technique [C. Collins et al., Phys. Rev. Let
t. 108, 115001(2012)] on the outer cylindrical boundary---these plasmas were nearly rigid rotors, modified only by the presence of a neutral particle drag. Experiments have now been extended to include stirring from an inner boundary, allowing for generalized circular Couette flow and opening a path for both hydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic experiments, as well as fundamental studies of plasma viscosity. Plasma is confined in a cylindrical, axisymmetric, multicusp magnetic field, with $T_e< 10$ eV, $T_i<1$ eV, and $n_e<10^{11}$ cm$^{-3}$. Azimuthal flows (up to 12 km/s, $M=V/c_ssim 0.7$) are driven by edge ${bf J times B}$ torques in helium, neon, argon, and xenon plasmas, and the experiment has already achieved $Rmsim 65$ and $Pmsim 0.2 - 12$. We present measurements of a self-consistent, rotation-induced, species-dependent radial electric field, which acts together with pressure gradient to provide the centripetal acceleration for the ions. The maximum flow speeds scale with the Alfv{e}n critical ionization velocity, which occurs in partially ionized plasma. A hydrodynamic stability analysis in the context of the experimental geometry and achievable parameters is also explored.
We present near-IR JH spectra of the central regions of the dwarf starburst galaxy NGC 1569 using the Florida Image Slicer for Infrared Cosmology and Astrophysics (FISICA). The dust-penetrating properties and available spectral features of the near-I
R, combined with the integral field unit (IFU) capability to take spectra of a field, make FISICA an ideal tool for this work. We use the prominent [He I] (1.083mu m) and Pabeta (1.282 mu m) lines to probe the dense star forming regions as well as characterize the general star forming environment around the super star clusters (SSCs) in NGC 1569. We find [He I] coincident with CO clouds to the north and west of the SSCs, which provides the first, conclusive evidence for embedded star clusters here.
We present an extensive, long-slit, high-resolution coverage of the complex planetary nebula (PN), NGC 7026. We acquired ten spectra using the Manchester Echelle Spectrometer at San Pedro Martir Observatory in Baja California, Mexico, and each shows
exquisite detail, revealing the intricate structure of this object. Incorporating these spectra into the 3-dimensional visualization and kinematic program, SHAPE, and using HST images of NGC 7026, we have produced a detailed structural and kinematic model of this PN. NGC 7026 exhibits remarkable symmetry consisting of three lobe-pairs and four sets of knots, all symmetrical about the nucleus and displaying a conical outflow. Comparing the 3-D structure of this nebula to recent, XMM-Newton X-ray observations, we investigate the extended X-ray emission in relation to the nebular structure. We find that the X-ray emission, while confined to the closed, northern lobes of this PN, shows an abrupt termination in the middle of the SE lobe, which our long slit data shows to be open. This is where the shocked, fast wind seems to be escaping the interior of the nebula and the X-ray emission rapidly cools in this region.
We demonstrate a simple pulse shaping technique designed to improve the fidelity of spin-dependent force operations commonly used to implement entangling gates in trapped-ion systems. This extension of the M{o}lmer-S{o}rensen gate can theoretically s
uppress the effects of certain frequency and timing errors to any desired order and is demonstrated through Walsh modulation of a two-qubit entangling gate on trapped atomic ions. The technique is applicable to any system of qubits coupled through collective harmonic oscillator modes.
We report on the optical investigation of single electron spins bound to fluorine donor impurities in ZnSe. Measurements of photon antibunching establish the presence of single, isolated optical emitters, and magneto-optical studies are consistent wi
th the presence of an exciton bound to the spin-impurity complex. The isolation of this single donor-bound exciton complex and its potential homogeneity offer promising prospects for a scalable semiconductor qubit with an optical interface.
We report X-ray structural studies of the metal-insulator phase transition in bismuth ferrite, BiFeO3, both as a function of temperature and of pressure (931 oC at atmospheric pressure and ca. 45 GPa at ambient temperature). Based on the experimental
results, we argue that the metallic gamma-phase is not rhombohedral but is instead the same cubic Pm3m structure whether obtained via high temperature or high pressure, that the MI transition is second order or very nearly so, that this is a band-type transition due to semi-metal band overlap in the cubic phase and not a Mott transition, and that it is primarily structural and not an S=5/2 to S=1/2 high-spin/low-spin electronic transition. Our data are compatible with the orthorhombic Pbnm structure for the beta-phase determined definitively by the neutron scattering study of Arnold et al .[Phys. Rev. Lett. 2009]; the details of this beta-phase had also been controversial, with a remarkable collection of five crystal classes (cubic, tetragonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic, and rhombohedral!) all claimed in recent publications.
We have searched for time modulation of the electron capture decay probability of $^{142}$Pm in an attempt to confirm a recent claim from a group at the Gesellschaft f{u}r Schwerionenforschung (GSI). We produced $^{142}$Pm via the $^{124}$Sn($^{23}$N
a, 5n)$^{142}$Pm reaction at the Berkeley 88-Inch Cyclotron with a bombardment time short compared to the reported modulation period. Isotope selection by the Berkeley Gas-filled Separator is followed by implantation and a long period of monitoring the $^{142}$Nd K$_{alpha}$ x-rays from the daughter. The decay time spectrum of the x-rays is well-described by a simple exponential and the measured half-life of 40.68(53) seconds is consistent with the accepted value. We observed no oscillatory modulation at the proposed frequency at a level 31 times smaller than that reported by Litvinov {it et al.} (Phys. Lett. B 664 (2008) 162; arXiv:0801.2079 [nucl-ex]). A literature search for previous experiments that might have been sensitive to the reported modulation uncovered another example in $^{142}$Eu electron-capture decay. A reanalysis of the published data shows no oscillatory behavior.
The ability to control spins in semiconductors is important in a variety of fields including spintronics and quantum information processing. Due to the potentially fast dephasing times of spins in the solid state [1-3], spin control operating on the
picosecond or faster timescale may be necessary. Such speeds, which are not possible to attain with standard electron spin resonance (ESR) techniques based on microwave sources, can be attained with broadband optical pulses. One promising ultrafast technique utilizes single broadband pulses detuned from resonance in a three-level Lambda system [4]. This attractive technique is robust against optical pulse imperfections and does not require a fixed optical reference phase. Here we demonstrate the principle of coherent manipulation of spins theoretically and experimentally. Using this technique, donor-bound electron spin rotations with single-pulse areas exceeding pi/4 and two-pulses areas exceeding pi/2 are demonstrated. We believe the maximum pulse areas attained do not reflect a fundamental limit of the technique and larger pulse areas could be achieved in other material systems. This technique has applications from basic solid-state ESR spectroscopy to arbitrary single-qubit rotations [4, 5] and bang-bang control[6] for quantum computation.
