Subscribe to the gold package and get unlimited access to Shamra Academy
Register a new userA Bayesian Framework for Information-Theoretic Probing
إطار بايزي للحصول على معلومات نظرية
243
0 0
0.0
(
0
)
Created by
Shamra Editor
Ask ChatGPT about the research
pimentel et al. (2020) تم تحليلها مؤخرا التحقيق من منظور نظرية المعلومات. يجادلون بأن التحقيق يجب أن ينظر إليه على أنه يقترب المعلومات المتبادلة. هذا أدى إلى الاستنتاج دون المستوى إلى حد ما أن تمثل التمثيلات نفسها بالضبط نفس المعلومات حول المهمة المستهدفة كجمل أصلية. ومع ذلك، فإن المعلومات المتبادلة تفترض أن توزيع الاحتمالات الحقيقي لزوج من المتغيرات العشوائية معروفة، مما يؤدي إلى نتائج دون المستوى في الإعدادات التي لا يكون فيها. تقترح هذه الورقة إطارا جديدا لقياس ما نقوم بمصطلح معلومات البايز المتبادلة، والتي تحلل المعلومات من منظور عملاء البيئة --- السماح بنتائج أكثر بديهية في السيناريوهات مع البيانات المحدودة. على سبيل المثال، تحت Bayesian MI، لدينا أن البيانات يمكن أن تضيف معلومات، ومعالجة يمكن أن تساعد، والمعلومات يمكن أن تؤذي، مما يجعلها أكثر بديهية لتطبيقات التعلم الآلي. أخيرا، نطبق إطار عملنا على التحقيق حيث نعتقد أن المعلومات المتبادلة بايزي تعمل بشكل طبيعي بسهولة سهولة الاستخراج من خلال الحد الصريح لمعرفة الخلفية المتاحة لحل المهمة.
Pimentel et al. (2020) recently analysed probing from an information-theoretic perspective. They argue that probing should be seen as approximating a mutual information. This led to the rather unintuitive conclusion that representations encode exactly the same information about a target task as the original sentences. The mutual information, however, assumes the true probability distribution of a pair of random variables is known, leading to unintuitive results in settings where it is not. This paper proposes a new framework to measure what we term Bayesian mutual information, which analyses information from the perspective of Bayesian agents---allowing for more intuitive findings in scenarios with finite data. For instance, under Bayesian MI we have that data can add information, processing can help, and information can hurt, which makes it more intuitive for machine learning applications. Finally, we apply our framework to probing where we believe Bayesian mutual information naturally operationalises ease of extraction by explicitly limiting the available background knowledge to solve a task.
References used
https://aclanthology.org/
rate research
Read More
In this work, we present an information-theoretic framework that formulates cross-lingual language model pre-training as maximizing mutual information between multilingual-multi-granularity texts. The unified view helps us to better understand the ex
isting methods for learning cross-lingual representations. More importantly, inspired by the framework, we propose a new pre-training task based on contrastive learning. Specifically, we regard a bilingual sentence pair as two views of the same meaning and encourage their encoded representations to be more similar than the negative examples. By leveraging both monolingual and parallel corpora, we jointly train the pretext tasks to improve the cross-lingual transferability of pre-trained models. Experimental results on several benchmarks show that our approach achieves considerably better performance. The code and pre-trained models are available at https://aka.ms/infoxlm.
Information seeking is an essential step for open-domain question answering to efficiently gather evidence from a large corpus. Recently, iterative approaches have been proven to be effective for complex questions, by recursively retrieving new evide
nce at each step. However, almost all existing iterative approaches use predefined strategies, either applying the same retrieval function multiple times or fixing the order of different retrieval functions, which cannot fulfill the diverse requirements of various questions. In this paper, we propose a novel adaptive information-seeking strategy for open-domain question answering, namely AISO. Specifically, the whole retrieval and answer process is modeled as a partially observed Markov decision process, where three types of retrieval operations (e.g., BM25, DPR, and hyperlink) and one answer operation are defined as actions. According to the learned policy, AISO could adaptively select a proper retrieval action to seek the missing evidence at each step, based on the collected evidence and the reformulated query, or directly output the answer when the evidence set is sufficient for the question. Experiments on SQuAD Open and HotpotQA fullwiki, which serve as single-hop and multi-hop open-domain QA benchmarks, show that AISO outperforms all baseline methods with predefined strategies in terms of both retrieval and answer evaluations.
Obtaining affective response is a key step in building empathetic dialogue systems. This task has been studied a lot in generation-based chatbots, but the related research in retrieval-based chatbots is still in the early stage. Existing works in ret
rieval-based chatbots are based on Retrieve-and-Rerank framework, which have a common problem of satisfying affect label at the expense of response quality. To address this problem, we propose a simple and effective Retrieve-Discriminate-Rewrite framework. The framework replaces the reranking mechanism with a new discriminate-and-rewrite mechanism, which predicts the affect label of the retrieved high-quality response via discrimination module and further rewrites the affect unsatisfied response via rewriting module. This can not only guarantee the quality of the response, but also satisfy the given affect label. In addition, another challenge for this line of research is the lack of an off-the-shelf affective response dataset. To address this problem and test our proposed framework, we annotate a Sentimental Douban Conversation Corpus based on the original Douban Conversation Corpus. Experimental results show that our proposed framework is effective and outperforms competitive baselines.
Readers of academic research papers often read with the goal of answering specific questions. Question Answering systems that can answer those questions can make consumption of the content much more efficient. However, building such tools requires da
ta that reflect the difficulty of the task arising from complex reasoning about claims made in multiple parts of a paper. In contrast, existing information-seeking question answering datasets usually contain questions about generic factoid-type information. We therefore present Qasper, a dataset of 5049 questions over 1585 Natural Language Processing papers. Each question is written by an NLP practitioner who read only the title and abstract of the corresponding paper, and the question seeks information present in the full text. The questions are then answered by a separate set of NLP practitioners who also provide supporting evidence to answers. We find that existing models that do well on other QA tasks do not perform well on answering these questions, underperforming humans by at least 27 F1 points when answering them from entire papers, motivating further research in document-grounded, information-seeking QA, which our dataset is designed to facilitate.
The current random behavior of stakeholders within the Al-Abrash river basin in Syrian coastal region, the lake and the river, threatens more than ever to pollute the whole basin. The goal of this paper is to address the state of shared management of
water resources among local players through game theory application based on two self-interest strategies for each player to reach a balance point taking into consideration the government intervention as the organizer of the game. Therefore, non-cooperative game theory NCGT adopted as an analytical approach for modeling planning assets conflicts. ArcGIS software adopted to define different areas according to its risk/land-use types. The result shows that the equilibrium point "non-cooperate-non-cooperate" strategy between the players could lean towards "cooperative-cooperative" strategy in the light of the provincial government effect, adopting innovating competitive planning policies. That will lead to an interactive economical-environmental balance in the river basin and helps to reach rational decisions. Therefore, this paper could be classified as one of the studies seeking to apply the participatory planning approach toward sustainable development. Index Terms-Al-Abrash river basin, environmental protection strategy, game theory, participatory approach.
suggested questions
Log in to be able to interact and post comments
comments
Fetching comments
Sign in to be able to follow your search criteria
