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Register a new userThe impact of modern construction's techniques on the coverage of football stadiums
أثر تقنيات الإنشاء الحديثة على تغطية ملاعب كرة القدم
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احتلت الرياضة الاحترافية مكانا بارزا في الحياة العامة في القرن الماضي، و خصوصاً كرة القدم التي أصبحت أكثر رياضة شعبية في العالم كله، لهذا الغرض تم بناء و تطوير الملاعب الرياضية (الاستادات) لتكون مركزا تقام فيه الأحداث الرياضية و لتستوعب أكبر عدد من الجميور المتابع لها. و لتلبية حاجات هذا الجمهور و متطلباته المتزايدة (راحة، وصول سهل، حماية .....)مما شكل تحد للمصممين و الإنشائيين لتصميم ملعب يلبي هذه الاحتياجات و يشكل صرحاً حضارياً من الناحية الجمالية و الإنشائية و التقنية. يتناول هذا البحث ملاعب كرة القدم و تطورها عبر التاريخ و أسس تصميمها (المبادئ الأساسية في التصميم-سرعة تفريغ المدرجات-العوامل الخارجية المؤثرة) و توصيات الفيفا في مجال تصميم و انشاء الملاعب الرياضية (الأمور الواجب اعتبارها أثناء عملية التصميم-موقع الملعب) و إلى أهم الأساليب الإنشائية المستخدمة في تغطية الملاعب الرياضية (الدعامة و الجائز-الدعامة الهدف-الإنشاء الكابولي-القشريات الخرسانية- حلقات الشد و الضغط-الشدادات-المنشآت المنفوخة-الإطارات الفراغية-السقوف القابلة للفتح) و المواد المستخدمة في التغطية ، بحيث يشكل دليلاً مبسطاً يغطي جميع النواحي التصميمية و الإنشائية.
Professional sport occupied a prominent place in public life in the last century, especially football, which has become the most popular sport in the whole world, for this purpose sports venues (stadiums) has been to build and develop to be a center held the sporting events and accommodate the largest number of audience who follow it, and to meet the needs of this growing audience and its requirements (comfort, easy access, protection ......). which form a challenge for designers and structural engineers to design a stadium that meets these requirements constitutes urban monument of aesthetic and constructional and technical. This research deals with football stadiums and its development through history, the basics of its design (the basic principles in the design-the speed of unloading terraced-external factors affecting), the recommendations of FIFA in the field of design and construction of sports stadiums (matters to be considered during the design process-location of the stadium) , the most important methods of construction used in covering sports stadiums (Post and beam-goal post structure-cantilever structure - shellfish concrete- compression/tension ring - tension structures - air-supported roofs - space frames –retractable roofs) and the materials used in the coverage, so that it is a simplified manual covers all aspects of design and construction.
Artificial intelligence review:
Research summary
تتناول هذه الدراسة تأثير تقنيات الإنشاء الحديثة على تغطية ملاعب كرة القدم. تبدأ الدراسة بمقدمة حول أهمية الرياضة، وخاصة كرة القدم، في الحياة العامة وتطور الملاعب الرياضية عبر التاريخ. ثم تنتقل إلى استعراض أسس تصميم الملاعب الرياضية، بما في ذلك المبادئ الأساسية للتصميم وسرعة تفريغ المدرجات والعوامل الخارجية المؤثرة. كما تتناول توصيات الفيفا في مجال تصميم وإنشاء الملاعب الرياضية. يتم التركيز على أهم الأساليب الإنشائية المستخدمة في تغطية الملاعب، مثل الدعامة والجائز، الدعامة الهدف، الإنشاء الكابولي، القشريات الخرسانية، حلقات الشد والضغط، الإنشاءات الشادة، المنشآت المنفوخة، الإطارات الفراغية، والسقوف القابلة للفتح. كما يتم تحليل المواد المستخدمة في تغطية الأسقف، سواء كانت نافذة للضوء أو غير نافذة. تنتهي الدراسة بتلخيص النتائج والتوصيات المستخلصة من التحليل.
Critical review
دراسة نقدية: تعتبر هذه الدراسة شاملة ومفيدة في مجال تصميم وإنشاء ملاعب كرة القدم، حيث تقدم معلومات مفصلة حول تقنيات الإنشاء المختلفة والمواد المستخدمة في تغطية الملاعب. ومع ذلك، يمكن أن تكون الدراسة أكثر فعالية إذا تضمنت أمثلة عملية ودراسات حالة لملاعب محددة، مما يساعد على توضيح النقاط النظرية بشكل أفضل. كما يمكن تحسين الدراسة بإضافة تحليل اقتصادي لتكلفة كل تقنية وتأثيرها على الميزانية العامة للمشروع. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يمكن أن تكون الدراسة أكثر شمولية إذا تناولت تأثير هذه التقنيات على البيئة واستدامتها.
Questions related to the research
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ما هي المبادئ الأساسية لتصميم ملاعب كرة القدم؟
تشمل المبادئ الأساسية لتصميم ملاعب كرة القدم سرعة سير الجماهير فوق السلالم، سرعة إخلاء المدرجات، مراعاة ذوي الاحتياجات الخاصة، وتوزيع أشعة الشمس بشكل متساوي بين نصفي الملعب.
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ما هي أهم تقنيات الإنشاء المستخدمة في تغطية ملاعب كرة القدم؟
تشمل أهم تقنيات الإنشاء المستخدمة في تغطية ملاعب كرة القدم الدعامة والجائز، الدعامة الهدف، الإنشاء الكابولي، القشريات الخرسانية، حلقات الشد والضغط، الإنشاءات الشادة، المنشآت المنفوخة، الإطارات الفراغية، والسقوف القابلة للفتح.
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ما هي المواد المستخدمة في تغطية أسقف الملاعب؟
تشمل المواد المستخدمة في تغطية أسقف الملاعب الصفائح المعدنية، الخرسانة المسلحة، البلاستيك الصلب، والأغشية البلاستيكية.
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ما هي التحديات التي تواجه المصممين والمهندسين في تصميم ملاعب كرة القدم؟
تشمل التحديات التي تواجه المصممين والمهندسين في تصميم ملاعب كرة القدم تلبية احتياجات الجمهور المتزايدة، ضمان السلامة والأمان، تحقيق الرؤية الجيدة للجمهور، واختيار المواد المناسبة للتغطية.
References used
FIFA,DUNNE F,R2007- Football Stadiums: Technical recommendations and requirements FIFA. FIFA Fédération Internationale de Football Association, Fourth edition, Zurich Switzerland,P248
JOHN G, SHEARD R and VICKERY B, R2007-STADIA . Elsevier Limited, Fourth edition, Germany,P321
SportSpace,1999,pr1,HongKong,P191
نيفرت،أرنست-ترجمة،/ربيع محمد نزير الحرستاني/، 1998 ،عناصر التصميم وا لإنشاء المعماري.ط 1،دار قابس للنشر،لبنان، 451 ص
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