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Register a new userThe impact of modern construction's techniques on the coverage of football stadiums
أثر تقنيات الإنشاء الحديثة على تغطية ملاعب كرة القدم
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احتلت الرياضة الاحترافية مكانا بارزا في الحياة العامة في القرن الماضي، و خصوصاً كرة القدم التي أصبحت أكثر رياضة شعبية في العالم كله، لهذا الغرض تم بناء و تطوير الملاعب الرياضية (الاستادات) لتكون مركزا تقام فيه الأحداث الرياضية و لتستوعب أكبر عدد من الجميور المتابع لها. و لتلبية حاجات هذا الجمهور و متطلباته المتزايدة (راحة، وصول سهل، حماية .....)مما شكل تحد للمصممين و الإنشائيين لتصميم ملعب يلبي هذه الاحتياجات و يشكل صرحاً حضارياً من الناحية الجمالية و الإنشائية و التقنية. يتناول هذا البحث ملاعب كرة القدم و تطورها عبر التاريخ و أسس تصميمها (المبادئ الأساسية في التصميم-سرعة تفريغ المدرجات-العوامل الخارجية المؤثرة) و توصيات الفيفا في مجال تصميم و انشاء الملاعب الرياضية (الأمور الواجب اعتبارها أثناء عملية التصميم-موقع الملعب) و إلى أهم الأساليب الإنشائية المستخدمة في تغطية الملاعب الرياضية (الدعامة و الجائز-الدعامة الهدف-الإنشاء الكابولي-القشريات الخرسانية- حلقات الشد و الضغط-الشدادات-المنشآت المنفوخة-الإطارات الفراغية-السقوف القابلة للفتح) و المواد المستخدمة في التغطية ، بحيث يشكل دليلاً مبسطاً يغطي جميع النواحي التصميمية و الإنشائية.
Professional sport occupied a prominent place in public life in the last century, especially football, which has become the most popular sport in the whole world, for this purpose sports venues (stadiums) has been to build and develop to be a center held the sporting events and accommodate the largest number of audience who follow it, and to meet the needs of this growing audience and its requirements (comfort, easy access, protection ......). which form a challenge for designers and structural engineers to design a stadium that meets these requirements constitutes urban monument of aesthetic and constructional and technical. This research deals with football stadiums and its development through history, the basics of its design (the basic principles in the design-the speed of unloading terraced-external factors affecting), the recommendations of FIFA in the field of design and construction of sports stadiums (matters to be considered during the design process-location of the stadium) , the most important methods of construction used in covering sports stadiums (Post and beam-goal post structure-cantilever structure - shellfish concrete- compression/tension ring - tension structures - air-supported roofs - space frames –retractable roofs) and the materials used in the coverage, so that it is a simplified manual covers all aspects of design and construction.
References used
FIFA,DUNNE F,R2007- Football Stadiums: Technical recommendations and requirements FIFA. FIFA Fédération Internationale de Football Association, Fourth edition, Zurich Switzerland,P248
JOHN G, SHEARD R and VICKERY B, R2007-STADIA . Elsevier Limited, Fourth edition, Germany,P321
SportSpace,1999,pr1,HongKong,P191
نيفرت،أرنست-ترجمة،/ربيع محمد نزير الحرستاني/، 1998 ،عناصر التصميم وا لإنشاء المعماري.ط 1،دار قابس للنشر،لبنان، 451 ص
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This study aims to shed light on the situation of lawn and methods to maintain its
vitality and freshness through a comparison between football stadiums floor covered with
natural grass and other courts floor covered with artificial turf according
to the
construction method, maintenance and impacts on the sport city scene in Latakia.
The results showed a similarity in how to create a flat of natural grass and his
counterpart from the artificial turf, The method is the same of principle with regard to the
preparation of the base and set up a drainage system and limited to the difference between
them on the vegetation layer, natural grasses is growing constantly to form thanks to his
tender plants a soft layer between players feet and the stadium floor, so that can save them
of the falling damage on the ground to overtake on the artificial turf. The artificial turf does
not need to prepare a mixture for cultivation, whereas natural grass requires intensive
operations service, which is not up to the degree of beauty and splendor that we see only
after a great effort and great care.
Lawns in the stadiums, which the floor covers with artificial grass, is not expensive
method, consumes no water and then there is no interest to extend an irrigation network,
does not require etcetera operations service and this interprets its use in some stadiums
because the maintenance is easy and keep clean and in good condition and beautiful
scenery for a long time but it is useless from an environmental perspective.
The results also indicated a good case of natural lawns in the main football stadium,
which was better positioned compared with natural grass surfaces in the training stadiums,
that received less care than in the main stadium. We conclude that the natural grass
surfaces need more maintenance and operations service such as irrigation, cutting,
patching, renovation and removal of exotic herbs and has been providing the necessary
suggestions.
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The Results showed that the coaches could not distinguish between modern physical changes and their manifestation or appearance forms, which refers to lack of their information and familiar about these changes. There are many physical changes such as:
1.The total distance of 8-12 Km which estimated by 10% annually until 1985 and a remarkable constancy since 1985 until 2010
2.Running movements performed by a maximum speed ranging from 0 to 5 m
3.Soccer movements from 40-100 movement (jump- Tackling- shot ball and 1 vs. 1)
4.Requirements of each property differ according to the player position and the tactical task entrusted to him.
The research aims to study the effect of using immersive marketing techniques on the purchasing decision-making process, through its five stages, which include: the problem awareness stage, information gathering, alternatives evaluation, purchasing d
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The national geographical information system becomes a fact in
many advanced and developing countries, nevertheless some countries
are still in the early stages of creating this system which faces many
technological and administrative obstacles wi
th financial aspects.
The goal of the research is to observe the Geodesic and
Cartographic system in Syria and to identify the experiments and
criterions that are applicable in some of the developed and neighbor
countries, and consequently to specify the Geodesic and Cartographic
criterions for the geodatabases in Syria through discussing these
criterions and highlighting its characteristics when apply in Syria.
The research concludes on confirming the necessity of creating
a new Geodesic and Cartographic system for Syria based on new
criterions that identify the accuracy and modernity of the work
mechanisms, and suggest diverse options to update the Geodesic and
Cartographic system.
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grou
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be achieved through:
- Knowledge of the extent of use of Internet and social networking site by that category of youth.
- Measuring the impact of information technology on the change of customs and traditions in society including Latakia with respect to the decision to marry by the young of particular age.
- Tracing the direct impact of the quality of the material presented on the Internet including pornographic films on the studied group.
One of the most important findings of the study:
- Results of the study show the presence of a statistically significant relationship between the means of communication through the variables gender and place of residence.
- Other modern means of communication including multi-cellular connection to the Internet especially social networking sites have a similar impact.
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