The 2020 US Elections have been, more than ever before, characterized by social media campaigns and mutual accusations. We investigate in this paper if this manifests also in online communication of the supporters of the candidates Biden and Trump, b
y uttering hateful and offensive communication. We formulate an annotation task, in which we join the tasks of hateful/offensive speech detection and stance detection, and annotate 3000 Tweets from the campaign period, if they express a particular stance towards a candidate. Next to the established classes of favorable and against, we add mixed and neutral stances and also annotate if a candidate is mentioned with- out an opinion expression. Further, we an- notate if the tweet is written in an offensive style. This enables us to analyze if supporters of Joe Biden and the Democratic Party communicate differently than supporters of Donald Trump and the Republican Party. A BERT baseline classifier shows that the detection if somebody is a supporter of a candidate can be performed with high quality (.89 F1 for Trump and .91 F1 for Biden), while the detection that somebody expresses to be against a candidate is more challenging (.79 F1 and .64 F1, respectively). The automatic detection of hate/offensive speech remains challenging (with .53 F1). Our corpus is publicly available and constitutes a novel resource for computational modelling of offensive language under consideration of stances.
This piece of research attempts to trace the textual study through examining the
excellencies of Ash-shanfara’s text, next to its artistic secrecies that have been neglected
by those researches who were busy with stories, tales, language and (ideol
ogy). However,
the literary heritage has received a considerable amount folkloric tales and superstitions. In
the past, linguists had been attracted to the al-Lamiyiah semantically and syntactically. A
few contemporary studies had mentioned few selections, the thing that triggered the sence
of poetical in their veins, which found it enough to portray a constellation of its intellectual
proposals. Thus al-Lamiyiah survived, being an artistic masterpiece a virgin soil.
Henceforward comes this research to scrtunize the strata of secrets of artistic aesthetics,
starting from the dynamic polarity structure that systematize the concluded presenceabsence
relationships, and ending with crystallizing the poetical personality (not the
historical) in the poetical heritage. It unleashes the varieties of the ‘ego’ within its unique
tissue ascertaining the poetry is creativity, and not merely virgin before natural scenaries,
or successive episodes through time, nether is it a description per se. Rather, it is an
intuitive creation that manipulates nature, among many other things, for the sake of its
artistic intentions.
