Penal protection of the right of the accused to defend in court (A comparative study)

The right of defense can be considered as natural rights, and the most important fair trial guarantees. It is also an inherent right at the center of public individual rights. It has not only created in favor of the individual but also for the benefit of society as a whole. There is no justice when accused people do not have a full right of defense and where not possible to verify the truth. This means that enabling the accused to defend himself does not mean that the punishment is over, but means to emphasize the fundamental pillar of justice that will reassure the individuals to the proper functioning of mechanisms in carrying out its mission, and this would remove any doubts about injustice suspicion when Jurisdiction will announce the accused conviction, also removing the suspicion of complacency while deciding his innocence. Therefore, search in protecting the right of the accused to defend himself is not intellectually luxury, but generally speaking, it is searching in more accurate and the most complex legal issues, it is a dive in the depths, to stick to legitimacy in a centre of obstacles is not easy to overcome. Building on the above, we can say that the accused practice of his right to defend himself, remains inadequate to achieve the purpose if it is not criminally reinforced. And to enable the exercise of the right of accused to defend himself, the penal legislator decided to develop a set of substantive rules incriminating and justified, meaning the dedication of this right to proceed without fear or shame. The accused is in great need to exercise his right of defense under the umbrella of the criminal protection, and this will protect him of the treachery of his defense and ensures that his rights will not be exploited because of the weakness of his position, and the lack of his experience, and the conflict hostile facing him. To find out the aspects of this protection two sections have been developed in this research: the first section devoted to the study of the criminal substantive rules, while the second was created to the study of the justified substantive rules. The aim of this is to show the criminal aspects of protection of the right of the accused to defend in court.

The Egyptian family court between the Shari’ah and the law

The koran came down to earth in order to reform the human relations and the society. The koranic verses have proved that the organized family is the core and the fundament of the civilization of nations. This study will uncover the texts and the rules mentioned in the koranic verses, which have been subsequently used by the legislator as the base of the law number 10 to create the family courts. The intensive cooperation between the national committees of woman, infancy and maternity and the civil associations, known to care about the Egyptian family, lead to create this law with all the advantages which consider the best interests of people, to facilitate them and to give them the means to demand justice.

The Implications of the Risk Approach for the Auditing Profession in Syria

This paper seeks to assess the extent to which the auditing profession in Syria depends on risk assessment. This study starts by analyzing the importance of the risk approach and its implications for contemporary auditing. The study intends to examine to what extent, if at all, the Syrian auditing profession takes the assessment of auditing risk factor into consideration and the correlation, if any, between risk and other related factors such as business risk, assessment risk, and control risk. To this end, the researcher designs a questionnaire and sends it to 100 auditors through the Association of Syrian Certified Accountants. 51 questionnaires are properly filled. To analyze data, SPSS package has been used. The results have clearly confirmed the hypothesis that the auditing profession in Syria does not depend on risk assessment.