Interpretability or explainability is an emerging research field in NLP. From a user-centric point of view, the goal is to build models that provide proper justification for their decisions, similar to those of humans, by requiring the models to sati
sfy additional constraints. To this end, we introduce a new application on legal text where, contrary to mainstream literature targeting word-level rationales, we conceive rationales as selected paragraphs in multi-paragraph structured court cases. We also release a new dataset comprising European Court of Human Rights cases, including annotations for paragraph-level rationales. We use this dataset to study the effect of already proposed rationale constraints, i.e., sparsity, continuity, and comprehensiveness, formulated as regularizers. Our findings indicate that some of these constraints are not beneficial in paragraph-level rationale extraction, while others need re-formulation to better handle the multi-label nature of the task we consider. We also introduce a new constraint, singularity, which further improves the quality of rationales, even compared with noisy rationale supervision. Experimental results indicate that the newly introduced task is very challenging and there is a large scope for further research.
Golden shares emerged in the beginning of 1980s in Great Britain, the main objective of golden shares was and remains the protection of a State's strategic interests in the privatized public companies from falling into the undesirable hands of foreig
n or domestic, and due to the practical usefulness this legal technical has moved to the French privatization program, and from it to many of the
privatization's legislation in the world but legal existence of these shares have been recent threatened by the judgment of the European Court of Justice which ruled to cancel many of these shares in more than one country under the pretext of violation
of the Treaty on European Union and in particular the provisions relating to the free movement of capital and freedom of establishment of companies.
Therefore, we will discuss in this research the concept of Golden share and its legal framework, and then consides the judgments of the European Court of Justice, and analyze then up to the standards set by to the permissible golden share at the European level.
The article aims to critically analyze the development of individual applications
proceedings before the European Court of Human Rights, excluding friendly
settlement procedures.
