Crowdsourcing has been ubiquitously used for annotating enormous collections of data. However, the major obstacles to using crowd-sourced labels are noise and errors from non-expert annotations. In this work, two approaches dealing with the noise and
errors in crowd-sourced labels are proposed. The first approach uses Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM), an optimization technique robust to noisy labels. The other approach leverages a neural network layer called softmax-Crowdlayer specifically designed to learn from crowd-sourced annotations. According to the results, the proposed approaches can improve the performance of the Wide Residual Network model and Multi-layer Perception model applied on crowd-sourced datasets in the image processing domain. It also has similar and comparable results with the majority voting technique when applied to the sequential data domain whereby the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) is used as the base model in both instances.
This research tries to concentrate on an essential and important issue in symbolic
logic, which is the calculus of propositions in Rassell's logic.
By studying this issue we will be able to understand propositions in Rassell's logic
and its relati
onship with facts because of the great relationship between them. also we are
going to know his opinion of Aristote's Categorical proposition.
This research aims to study the issue of simple truth functions which are treated by
calculus of propositions and deals with it as axiomatic and clarify the difference between
material implication and formal implication.
Finally it studies the axiomatic in calculus of propositions depending on the book
principles of mathematics.
The reverse Stylistically event received considerable attention from the ancient and
modern linguists because of generated from the energies of linguistic expression and
creativity of thought beyond the mainstream and fashionable, and forms a metap
hor based
on the bypass typical literary expression, so it came this research to show the impact of the
metaphor in the formation of the phenomenon of reverse dependent on the views of some
linguists, and the search result that metaphor reverse based on breach uncommon in Sunan
standard speech, which raises the recipient impressive including achieve characteristic
aesthetic rhetorical, but it does not come out at all a departure from the grammar, but
preferred creative pattern expressive on the other, as if the use of metaphor does not make
it relevant germ of truth, but remain connected by an invisible bond of flour; because of
which branch, and the branch does not understand only through the origin, but does not
know it.
