GPS technology considers the essential tool for establishing geodetic networks.
Static method of GPS is used often in observing geodetic network points. Establishing
geodetic networks using GPS requires accuracy, consistency and economency.
This p
aper discusses influence of observation mode and number of GPS receivers in
accuracy of calculating of coordinates of points. Coordinates of network points are
clculated using tow and three GPS receivers and with diferent methods like radial, traverse,
network.
Comparison between coordinates for network points obtained by several cases is
performed. The differences between coordinates indicate accuracy of network method in
calculating coordinates when three or more receivers are avlible. When tow receivers are
avilable the radial method is the best in accuracy and consistency.
The retaining walls are one of most types of engineering constructions and it have
built from natural stones before discovering concrete, Where natural stones have
considered one of the early human materials used in building engineering constructio
ns for
thousands of years, and many facilities in ancient civilization still existing effects so far,
And after the discovery of the concrete and reinforced concrete, the retaining walls which
was built from natural stones diminished relatively
Despite the years this retaining walls has not lost its luster and brilliance, and there
is increased interest in recent years in using new building material which consists of
manufactured stones where used together with traditional construction materials in several
areas both in geotechnical engineering or building … Etc .
This retaining walls present simple technical solutions and it is desirable for aesthetic
reasons and simple implementation and resistance to external conditions,
In addition to being economical solutions limited cost compared to traditional
reinforced concrete retaining walls.
This research deals with the study of the behavior of Segmental Stone Retaining
Walls (SRW) under the static and dynamic loads and parametric study of the most
important factors which influence stability of these retaining walls.