Compare between two interpolation methods (Kriging, IDW) for predicting spatial distribution of nitrate NO3 - in groundwater of Estern Ghouta- Damascus

Groundwater is one of the major sources of exploitation in arid and semi-arid regions, Thus for protecting groundwater quality, data on spatial and temporal distribution are important. Geostatistics methods are one of the most advanced techniques for interpolation of groundwater quality. In this research, IDW, Kriging methods were used for predicting spatial distribution of nitrate NO3 -. Data were taken from 21 wells study within eastern Damascus's Ghouta. After normalization of data, variograme was drawn. The less RSS was used, so Spherical model was the best. By using cross-validation and RMSE, the best method for interpolation was selected; Results showed that Kriging method is superior to IDW method. there is a big spatial dependence for nitrate variable that amounts to 2.2 %. Finally, maps of distribution of nitrate in groundwater were executed by Kriging method, in addition to executed maps that show goodness of groundwater for drinking and irrigation. Then it was prepared map of Probability Map of nitrate at threshold 50 mg/l.

Faggarat and Aquatic and Agriculture Perpetual Development (Their Benefits, the Possibility to Revive Them and local distribution in Syria)

Faggarat: are an old system to invest groundwater near the surface of the land. This system spread near dry regions. The research aims to define the Faggarat and their local distribution, the possibility to revive them in Syria revealing their benefits economically, socially, historically, archeologically and environmentally because they promote aquatic and agricultural Perpetual Development in arid regions.