Hardening of Aluminum

Aluminum alloys have got extreme industrial importance since 19th century until now. They enter into several light and heavy industries. aluminum is hardened by impurity due to industrial application. In this study, aluminumcupper alloys (with 0.5% Mg) were prepared, where cupper amount was added to aluminum in different percentages (2.5%,4%,4.5%) ,no overtaking degree of saturation 6% of the weight of cupper. After adding definite percentage of cupper to aluminum, the compounds are fusioned for complete blending, where cupper atoms diffuse into aluminum. Samples are infusioned by definite methods and circumstances. The prepared alloys were thermally treated during 8-30 hours for hardening. In this research we will concentrate on the influence of cupper content on hardening of aluminum and other basic conditions, which are needed to obtain higher hardness for aluminum alloys.

Prevalence of smoking habit and associated factors among students of Al- Andalus university of medical sciences

Background: smoking is the major cause of many chronic diseases and a growing public health problem in the world. - Aim: the aim of this study is to determine prevalence of smoking habit and associated factors among students of Al-Andalus university of medical science. - Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted from October academic year 2017 to March academic year 2018 on 300 students in Al- andalus Medical University. A systematic stratified sampling method was used. Data collected by self-administrated questionnaire. - Results: out of the 300 respondents, 166 students were smokers giving a prevalence rate of 55%.The prevalence of smokers were much higher in males than females (79.5% and 20.5%, respectively). 72.2% of students started smoking at the age of less than 20 years. There were a significance differences between faculties (P= 0.02) , which faculty of medicine reported high percentage. - Conclusions: This study directs the attention to the fact that problem of smoking among university students has important contributing personal and socio demographic factors. The study recommends integrating health awareness programmes about smoking hazards in the medical education curriculum.