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Recently, a self-embedding fragile watermark scheme based on reference-bits interleaving and adaptive selection of embedding mode was proposed. Reference bits are derived from the scrambled MSB bits of a cover image, and then are combined with authentication bits to form the watermark bits for LSB embedding. We find this algorithm has a feature of block independence of embedding watermark such that it is vulnerable to a collage attack. In addition, because the generation of authentication bits via hash function operations is not related to secret keys, we analyze this algorithm by a multiple stego-image attack. We find that the cost of obtaining all the permutation relations of $lcdot b^2$ watermark bits of each block (i.e., equivalent permutation keys) is about $(lcdot b^2)!$ for the embedding mode $(m, l)$, where $m$ MSB layers of a cover image are used for generating reference bits and $l$ LSB layers for embedding watermark, and $btimes b$ is the size of image block. The simulation results and the statistical results demonstrate our analysis is effective.
Recent research has demonstrated that adding some imperceptible perturbations to original images can fool deep learning models. However, the current adversarial perturbations are usually shown in the form of noises, and thus have no practical meaning
In this paper, a word based chaotic image encryption scheme for gray images is proposed, that can be used in both synchronous and self-synchronous modes. The encryption scheme operates in a finite field where we have also analyzed its performance acc
Recently, an image encryption scheme based on a compound chaotic sequence was proposed. In this paper, the security of the scheme is studied and the following problems are found: (1) a differential chosen-plaintext attack can break the scheme with on
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) deployed in real-life applications such as autonomous vehicles have shown to be vulnerable to manipulation attacks, such as poisoning attacks and fine-tuning. Hence, it is essential to ensure the integrity and aut
Digital watermarking has been widely used to protect the copyright and integrity of multimedia data. Previous studies mainly focus on designing watermarking techniques that are robust to attacks of destroying the embedded watermarks. However, the eme