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We review the current state of automatic differentiation (AD) for array programming in machine learning (ML), including the different approaches such as operator overloading (OO) and source transformation (ST) used for AD, graph-based intermediate representations for programs, and source languages. Based on these insights, we introduce a new graph-based intermediate representation (IR) which specifically aims to efficiently support fully-general AD for array programming. Unlike existing dataflow programming representations in ML frameworks, our IR naturally supports function calls, higher-order functions and recursion, making ML models easier to implement. The ability to represent closures allows us to perform AD using ST without a tape, making the resulting derivative (adjoint) program amenable to ahead-of-time optimization using tools from functional language compilers, and enabling higher-order derivatives. Lastly, we introduce a proof of concept compiler toolchain called Myia which uses a subset of Python as a front end.
We review the status of searches for sterile neutrinos in the $sim 1$ eV range, with an emphasis on the latest results from short baseline oscillation experiments and how they fit within sterile neutrino oscillation models. We present global fit resu
Two steps phase shifting interferometry has been a hot topic in the recent years. We present a comparison study of 12 representative self--tunning algorithms based on two-steps phase shifting interferometry. We evaluate the performance of such algori
The orbital angular momentum of quarks and gluons contributes significantly to the proton spin budget and attracted a lot of attention in the recent years, both theoretically and experimentally. We summarize the various definitions of parton orbital
Observations from the two STEREO-spacecraft give us for the first time the possibility to use stereoscopic methods to reconstruct the 3D solar corona. Classical stereoscopy works best for solid objects with clear edges. Consequently an application of
In this article we first review the past decade of efforts in detecting the missing baryons in the Warm Hot Intergalactic Medium (WHIM) and summarize the current state of the art by updating the baryon census and physical state of the detected baryon