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Theoretical studies of the physical processes in clusters of galaxies are mainly based on the results of numerical simulations, which in turn are often directly compared to X-ray observations. Although trivial in principle, these comparisons are not always simple. We show that the projected spectroscopic temperature of clusters obtained from X-ray observations is always lower than the emission-weighed temperature. This bias is related to the fact that the emission-weighted temperature does not reflect the actual spectral properties of the observed source. This has implications for the study of thermal structures in clusters, especially when strong temperature gradients, like shock fronts, are present. In real observations shock fronts appear much weaker than what is predicted by emission-weighted temperature maps. We propose a new formula, the spectroscopic-like temperature function that better approximates the spectroscopic temperature, making simulations more directly comparable to observations
Theoretical studies of the physical processes guiding the formation and evolution of galaxies and galaxy clusters in the X-ray are mainly based on the results of numerical hydrodynamical N-body simulations, which in turn are often directly compared t
We use N-body simulations to examine whether a characteristic turnaround radius, as predicted from the spherical collapse model in a $rm {Lambda CDM}$ Universe, can be meaningfully identified for galaxy clusters, in the presence of full three-dimensi
We present a near-infrared K_n-band photometric study of edge-on galaxies with a box/peanut-shaped `bulge. The morphology of the galaxies is analysed using unsharp masking and fits to the vertical surface brightness profiles, and the results are comp
The archival XMM-Newton data of the central region of M31 were analyzed for diffuse X-ray emission. Point sources with the 0.5--10 keV luminosity exceeding $sim 4 times 10^{35}$ erg s$^{-1}$ were detected. Their summed spectra are well reproduced by
We briefly review some of the progress made in the last decade in the study of the X-ray properties of the quasar population from the luminous, local objects observed by BeppoSAX to the large, rapidly increasing population of z>4 quasars detected by Chandra and XMM-Newton in recent years.